Impaired vesicular storage of norepinephrine and serotonin in Parkinson's disease-related pathogenesis Público
Alter, Shawn Patrick (2015)
Published
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 is essential for the storage and release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. While the etiology of Parkinson's disease remains obscure, it is known that vesicular monoamine function is disrupted in Parkinson's disease, and these neurotransmitter systems degenerate or are disrupted. In addition to the profound motor symptoms of PD, patients also experience a host of nonmotor symptoms, including psychiatric and autonomic disturbances. I hypothesized that disrupting vesicular storage of norepinephrine and serotonin would lead to dysfunction and degeneration of the respective neuronal systems. Using histological, pharmacological, and behavioral analyses, I assessed the integrity of the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems of mice with drastically reduced expression of VMAT2. In addition to nigrostriatal degeneration, VMAT2 deficient mice undergo severe and progressive loss of the norepinephrine-producing cells of the locus ceruleus, as well as reductions in noradrenergic innervation of the brain. We also assessed neurochemical innervation of the hearts of VMAT2 deficient mice and observed drastic reductions in norepinephrine and reduced expression of the norepinephrine transporter, which is consistent with the pathology of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease. Despite preservation of the dorsal raphe and efferent innervation, VMAT2 deficient mice exhibited neurochemical depletion of serotonin that resulted in aberrant response to serotonergic agonists. Collectively, these data indicate that reduced vesicular monoamine function wreaks havoc on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, causing general monoamine depletion, degeneration of the locus ceruleus, and disruptions in serotonergic function, all of which can drive the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Background:...1
Abstract...2
Introduction...3
Synaptic vesicle function...5
Monoaminergic brain regions affected in Parkinson's disease...8
Cytoplasmic monoamine toxicity and VMAT2...11
Pharmacologic blockade of VMAT2...16
Toxicological blockade of VMAT2...17
Genetic variability of SLC18A2 in PD...18
VMAT2 imaging in PD...20
Summary...23
References...30
Chapter 2: Reduced vesicular storage of catecholamines causes progressive degeneration in the locus ceruleus...52
Abstract...53
Introduction...54
Materials and Methods...56
Results...60
Discussion...64
References...81
Chapter 3: Reduced vesicular monoamine function drives noradrenergic depletion in the hearts of mice and men...89
Introduction...90
Materials and Methods...94
Results...96
Discussion...98
References...109
Chapter 4: Reduced vesicular storage disrupts serotonin signaling but does not cause degeneration of serotonin neurons...112
Abstract...113
Introduction...115
Materials and Methods...118
Results...123
Discussion...126
References...144
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Reflections...152
Conclusion...153
On the staging of LC and SN loss and the relative toxicities of cytosolic DA and NE...154
A challenge to the cytosolic catecholamine hypothesis: the invincible VTA...157
Serotonergic resilience...159
Concluding Remarks...163
References...166
APPENDIX: Adaptation of CLARITY: Hydrogel tissue clearing on a shoestring...168
Introduction...169
Method...172
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