Use of Furans as Vehicles for Heterocyclic Synthesis: Anaza-Achmatowicz Approach to Piperidine Alkaloids, a Novel OxidativeRoute to Acyloxypyrrolinones, and IMDAF Studies Toward a Synthesisof Minfiensine and Morphine Public
Leverett, Carolyn Ann (2008)
Abstract
Several cis-2-methyl-6-substituted piperidin-3-ol alkaloids exhibit biological activities and thus have become important synthetic targets. To develop more efficient approaches to alkaloids, we have employed the aza-Achmatowicz oxidative rearrangement of N-tosylaminofurans to access the cis-2,6-disubstituted piperidine core. This key oxidation reaction was used to prepare a versatile intermediate which was then transformed to several piperidine alkaloids. Such methodology was demonstrated by the total synthesis of azimic acid, deoxocassine, cassine, and spicigerine. Additionally, we report a new method for obtaining optically active N-tosylaminofurans, also providing access to optically-active piperidine natural products.
Work focused on furan rearrangement chemistry has also resulted in the discovery of a novel iodine-promoted rearrangement reaction of 2-amidofurans to acyloxypyrrolinones. The reaction mechanism resembles the aza- Achmatowicz mechanism and is general for preparing several substituted acyloxypyrrolinones. Elaboration of these substrates provides a novel route to 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles present in many natural products.
Our interest in using furans to generate alkaloids also led us to test the IMDAF reaction as a route to the pentacylic alkaloid minfiensine. Minfiensine has shown a wide variety of medicinal activity but its synthesis continues to be a significant challenge. The preparation and cycloaddition of both 2-amidofuran and 2-imidofuran substrates were studied as an approach to minfiensine. It was possible to prepare the desired tetrahydroindoline using the intramolecular cycloaddition methodology. Conversion to the core skeleton of minfiensine is expected to be possible through a Buchwald/Hartwig amination/iminiumcyclization protocol and is currently being pursued.
Previously, extensive work in the Padwa laboratories has employed IMDAF reactions of indolo systems, providing routes to a variety of natural products. As an extension of this methodology, we tested the possibility of using the IMDAF reaction of related benzofuran systems as a potential route to morphine. A variety of 2-substituted benzofurans were generated and submitted to the cycloaddition conditions. The results obtained indicate that a significant amount of research is still necessary to determine both the electronic and conformational requirements for such the IMDAF reaction before the methodology can be applied toward a synthesis of morphine.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1, Part A: Application of the Aza-Achmatowicz Oxidative Rearrangement for the Stereoselective Synthesis of the Cassia and Prosopis Alkaloid Family...1
Introduction...1 Results and Discussion...10
Retrosynthetic route to Cassia and Prosopis alkaloids...10 Total Synthesis of Azimic Acid...13 Total Synthesis of Deoxocassine...14 Total Synthesis of Cassine...16 Total Synthesis of Spicigerine...18 Asymmetric Approach to Piperidine Natural Products...19
Chapter 1, Part B: Iodine-Promoted Rearrangement of 2-Amidofurans to Acyloxypyrrolinones as a Route Toward the Formation of Functionalized Pyrroles...21
Introduction...22 Results and Discussion...26
General Route to Furan Carbamates and Amidofurans...27 Furan Rearrangement Reaction with Alkyl, Aryl, and Heteroaryl Substrates...28 Furan Rearrangement with Alkenyl, Acetal, and Carbamoyl Substrates...29 Attempted Cyclization Reactions of Acyloxypyrrolinones...30 Conversion of Acyloxypyrrolinones to Functionalized Pyrroles...35
Chapter 2: An IMDAF-Based Approach to the Core Structure of (±)-Minfiensine...103
Introduction...104 Results and Discussion...112
IMDAF approach to (±)-Minfiensine...112 Amidofuran Synthesis and Preliminary Cycloaddition Results...113 Generation of Modified IMDAF Amidofuran Substrate...118 Generation of the Hexahydroindoline via Amidofuran IMDAF reaction...119 Synthesis of the Hexahydroindoline Core via Imidofuran IMDAF reaction...121
Experimental Section...123 References...142
Chapter 3: Studies Towards the Generation of Morphine via IMDAF Reactions of Benzofuran Dienophiles...144
Introduction...145 Results and Discussion...149
First Generation Approach to the Morphine Core...149 Second Generation Approach to the Morphine Core...154 Proposed Route using a 3-Cyano Benzofuran...159
Experimental Section...161 References...171
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Use of Furans as Vehicles for Heterocyclic Synthesis: Anaza-Achmatowicz Approach to Piperidine Alkaloids, a Novel OxidativeRoute to Acyloxypyrrolinones, and IMDAF Studies Toward a Synthesisof Minfiensine and Morphine () | 2018-08-28 15:28:04 -0400 |
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