The Evolution of Pride: Do the Chimpanzee Bluff Display and Human Pride Expression Share Evolutionary Origins? Público
Price, Sara Alexandra (2010)
Abstract
Abstract
The Evolution of Pride: Do the Chimpanzee Bluff Display and Human
Pride Expression Share Evolutionary Origins?
By Sara A. Price
Recent studies of pride suggest that it has a prototypical, universally recognized expression: a small smile with head tilted back, expanded chest, and arms akimbo or raised above the head. Primatologists have suggested that similar behaviors occur in the chimpanzee bluff display. This paper aims to assess shared evolutionary origins by comparing the morphological similarities between the chimpanzee bluff display and the human pride expression.
Data were collected from captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center near Bastrop, TX. Each behavioral element included in a display was coded according to an ethogram, as well as the situational context in which the behavior occurred and whether display interactions resulted in the receipt of submissive behavior. A factor analysis was then performed on the data to reveal which behavioral elements co-occurred with the greatest frequency. The factor scores were saved and analyzed using Univariate ANOVAs to determine whether there were significant differences in the factor scores for behaviors across each social context.
The factor analysis revealed four factors, which we identified as different types of displays. The "bipedal bluff" (characterized by speed and intensity of raising two arms, bipedal running) was ubiquitous across all contexts. The "attack display" (one or two arms raised, hitting other individuals, jumping, running quadrupedally) was associated with dyadic interactions against females and was the only display type that received submission. The "pant hoot bluff display" (puckered lips, pout moans, rising and climax pant hoots, hitting inanimate objects) was associated with solo displays. The "aggressive bluff" (bulging lip face, hitting inanimate objects, intense stomping, jumping) was associated with group displays.
The combination of bipedal posture with arms raised, which loaded highly in the "bipedal bluff" and appeared in the "attack display," is similar to components seen in the prototypical human pride expression. These components are observed in contexts against females and elicit submission. Chimpanzees may use these behaviors to assert dominance and force submission on females, reinforcing status. Overall, these results suggest that a group of behavioral components found in the chimpanzee bluff display may have evolved into the human pride expression.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction...1
Methods...12
Results...14
Discussion...16
Table 1...22
Table 2...22
Table 3...23
Table 4...26
Figure 1...26
Figure 2...27
Table 5...28
Figure 3...28
References...29
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