Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Serum Concentrations in Children Ages 15 Months to 5 Years Público
Virginia, Emma Joanne (2012)
Published
Abstract
Abstract
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated
flame-retardants, and are
ubiquitous in the environment and human serum globally. The United
States population has
especially high concentrations, approximately an order of magnitude
above those seen in
Europe. There is increasing evidence that PBDEs cause
neurodevelopmental and behavioral
toxicity and they are known endocrine disruptors. Studies have
shown that young children may
have serum concentrations up to five times those of the adult
population, yet few studies have
looked at individual child serum levels. The objective of this
study was to measure individual
serum PBDE concentrations in a diverse demographic of children from
Atlanta, Georgia with
ages of 15 months to five years. This study collected blood samples
from 37 healthy children
undergoing routine surgical procedures at Children's Hospital of
Atlanta (CHOA) with a high
participation rate of 93.7%. Serum samples were analyzed for six
PBDE congeners (BDE-47, -85,
-99, -100, -153, and -154) using a novel liquid/liquid extraction
technique developed in house
prior to GC/MS analysis. Summed PBDE concentrations ranged from
31.17 to 520.66 µmol/g
lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by -99 and -100.
Significant associations
were found between age and BDE-154, race and BDE-100, and
breastfeeding history and BDEs-
47, -99, -100, and sumPBDEs. The mean BDE-47 concentration in our
population was 38.73
ng/g lipid (mean used for study comparison; median 31.15 ng/g
lipid), the second highest mean
concentration recorded in children in this age range, only slightly
below that measured in the
CHAMACOS cohort in California in this population age group. Our
study was the first to
include a racially and social economically varied subject group in
this age group in the United
States. This study will be expanded in the future to include 81
subjects as well as corresponding
house dust samples and child hand wipes.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Introduction & Background Significance
................................................................................................1
a. Background
............................................................................................................................................1
b. Toxicity & Health Effects
.....................................................................................................................2
Endocrine Disruption & Reproductive
Effects.......................................................................................4
Thyroid Effects
.......................................................................................................................................5
Neurodevelopmental Effects
..................................................................................................................9
c. Exposure Routes &
Trends.................................................................................................................10
Routes of
Exposure...............................................................................................................................10
Exposure Studies & Trends
..................................................................................................................12
Child
Exposures....................................................................................................................................14
2. Study Design & Methods
.........................................................................................................................21
a. Study Population
.................................................................................................................................21
b. Blood
Samples......................................................................................................................................23
c. Chemicals &
Materials........................................................................................................................23
d. Serum PBDE Extraction Method Development
...............................................................................24
Initial Serum PBDE SPE Extraction Method
.......................................................................................25
Silica/Acidified-Silica Serum PBDE Clean-up
....................................................................................26
Extraction Method Recovery
................................................................................................................26
e. Final Liquid/Liquid Serum PBDE Extraction
Method....................................................................27
f. Silica/Acidified-Silica Serum PBDE
Clean-Up..................................................................................28
g. Method
Validation...............................................................................................................................28
Abbreviated Extraction
Recovery.........................................................................................................28
Quality Control Precision Validation
...................................................................................................29
Method Accuracy
Validation................................................................................................................29
h. Serum PBDE Analysis
........................................................................................................................30
i. Lipid
Determination.............................................................................................................................30
j. Data Analysis
........................................................................................................................................30
3.
Results........................................................................................................................................................31
a.
Method..................................................................................................................................................31
b. Subject Demographic
Data.................................................................................................................33
c. Serum PBDE Distributions
.................................................................................................................35
d. Statistical Analyses
..............................................................................................................................38
Associations
..........................................................................................................................................38
Age and Serum PBDE Concentrations
.................................................................................................39
BMI and Serum PBDE Concentrations
................................................................................................39
Race and PBDE Concentrations
...........................................................................................................40
Breastfeeding History and PBDE Concentrations
................................................................................40
Sex, Insurance Status, and Serum PBDE Concentrations
....................................................................41
4. Discussion
..................................................................................................................................................41
a. Analysis
Methods.................................................................................................................................41
b.
Data.......................................................................................................................................................42
c. Strengths &
Limitations......................................................................................................................47
d. Conclusions & Future
Directions.......................................................................................................48
5. References
.................................................................................................................................................51
6. Non-Print References
...............................................................................................................................56
7. Tables & Figures
......................................................................................................................................57
8. Appendices
................................................................................................................................................62
A. PBDE Instrumental Method Details
GC-MS/MS............................................................................62
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