Language Learning and the Gendered Self: Learner Identities and French Language Study in a US Context Público
Knisely, Kris Aric (2015)
Abstract
Through actions and words, individuals stake claim to identities and subjectivities; consciously or sub-consciously, they tell others who they are. To the same degree, individuals tell themselves who they are and attempt to embody their identities and subjectivities. However, as much as an individual has agency, the possible identities are constrained by the societies in which they live. In second language acquisition and applied linguistics, there exists a need to deepen our understandings of the intersections between identity, language learning, and motivation. At present, there appears to be general disinterest in learning modern foreign languages in the US, particularly among male-identified individuals. In a time of ever-increasing globalization, there is a need for the development of diverse linguistic skills if the US is to act globally without engaging in linguicism. It is thus imperative that we inquire about how individuals understand themselves and one another in the US that may be contributing to such disinterest. This study considers French in the US and was conducted at a private, urban research university in the southeastern US. The sample was purposive and of convenience. 47 undergraduates (33 male, 14 female) participated in focus groups (7) and interviews (4). Data analysis included three levels of coding and discourse analysis. Key findings include that gender was indexed by all participants in the discourses regarding language varieties. Furthermore, young adults hold and are able to readily articulate their gendered language attitudes. The French language was consistently gendered as feminine. Several narratives emerged that addressed the ways in which participants negotiate the relationships between their own identities and their own and others' perceptions of a language. Implications for research include a call for reconsidering the role of instrumental and integrative motivation in language study as well as for research into the effectiveness of suggested pedagogical strategies including: presenting a variety of target language speaker models, goal setting, self-evaluation, asking students to articulate a future second language self, employing community-building strategies to cultivate a sense of belonging, advocating for the utility of the target language, and integrating culture throughout the program of language study.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction. 1
Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 8
Definitions of Key Terms 8
Theoretical Framework 16
Identity Development and Construction 16
The Social Nature of Identity Construction 26
Gender, Sex, and Sexuality. 37
Literature Review.. 57
Using Performativity Theory to Understand the Gendered Self as a Product of Linguistic and Social Performances. 59
Language and Gender. 63
Gender and Second Language Learning and Teaching. 64
Lack of Male Participation in the Language Classroom in Anglophone Countries. 66
The Case of French: Disproportionally Lower Male Enrollment and Achievement 67
Constructs for Understanding Motivation in the Field of Second Language Acquisition. 71
Gendered Language Attitudes and Language Ideologies. 73
Statement of the Problem.. 78
Purpose of the Study. 81
Research Questions. 82
Chapter Three: Method. 83
Context 83
Sampling. 83
Recruitment 83
Focus group participant selection. 83
Interview participant selection. 84
Addressing the relationship between gendered language attitudes and gender performance. 85
Sample description. 86
Confidentiality. 86
Instruments and Protocols. 87
Focus groups. 87
Interviews. 95
Data Collection and Management Procedures. 98
Researcher Position. 100
Analysis. 103
Chapter Four: Results. 112
Research Question 1: Indexing of Gender by Participants. 112
Research Question 2: Influence of Individual Experiences or Group Members on Gendering of French. 118
Research Question 3: Negotiation of Identities and Perceptions of Language Varieties. 123
The relevance of identity. 123
An alignment between one's identity and perceptions of the target language. 129
A strong sense of individuality, the free spirit, and rebel narratives. 133
Instrumental excuse. 137
Lack of choice narrative. 142
Cultivation of the self. 145
Global identity. 149
Evoking heterosexuality. 151
"The language learner" as an identity. 155
A chance to be someone else. 156
Feeling more X: Not necessarily being another self, but bringing into focus a different texture of one's identity. 158
The role of proficiency. 161
Remaining an ‘other': Limiting cultural acquisition. 170
Maturity and language exposure. 172
Embarrassment and hiding an L2 self. 178
Research Question 4: Relationships between identities, GLAs, Belongingness and. 180
Motivation to learn French. 180
Gendered language attitudes: Phonetics and phonology. 180
Gendered language attitudes: Personal experience and cultural associations. 187
Gendered language attitudes: Grammatical gender. 201
Gendered language attitudes: Body language. 202
Understanding the sources of gendered language attitudes. 209
Other emotions. 218
Sense of belongingness. 219
The role of language requirements. 240
The "good" language learner. 243
Desire to speak with others in the target language. 243
Conclusion. 244
Chapter Five: Discussion, Implications, and Directions for Future Research. 247
Research Question 1: To what extent is gender indexed by individuals in the discourses regarding language varieties?. 247
Research Question 2: How does an individual's gender, an individual's linguistic experiences, or the participants in the linguistic exchange relate to whether discourses regarding the French language reference: 1) femininity, 2) masculinity, 3) both femininity and masculinity, or 4) neither femininity nor masculinity?. 250
Research Question 3: In what ways do individuals negotiate the relationships between their own identities and their own and others' perceptions of a language variety (French)?. 254
The relevance of identity. 254
Strategies of identity presentation. 257
An alignment between one's identity and perceptions of the target language. 258
Misalignment: Narratives of identity management. 259
Maturity. 268
Embarrassment. 269
Research Question 4: What relationships exist among an individual's identities, gendered language attitudes, sense of belongingness, and motivation to learn a language (French)?. 270
Gendered language attitudes. 270
Sense of belongingness. 273
Language requirements. 277
Desire to speak with others in the target language. 277
Implications for Research, Theory, and Practice. 278
Directions for Future Research. 282
Works Cited. 284
Tables, Figures, and Appendices. 307
Table 1. Knisely (2013) Quantitative Measures Summary Table. 307
Table 2. Demographic Data for (2013) Quantitative Study Sample. 309
Table 3. Research Design Summary. 310
Table 4. Focus Group and Interview Design Summary 311
Appendix A: Contact Summary Form 312
Appendix B: Student Questionnaire 313
Appendix C: List of Research-Question and Literature-Driven Start Codes 334
Appendix D: Focus Group Protocol 335
Appendix F: Interview Protocol 338
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