Academic Outcomes in Children with Orofacial Clefts Öffentlichkeit
Knight, Jessica Holley (2012)
Published
Abstract
Background: Previous research has measured differences in IQ
or standardized test scores between
children with and without orofacial clefts (OFC), but little is
known about other academic outcomes in
this population. This study examines parent-reported letter grades,
grade retention, and school days
missed among school-aged children with and without OFC, using a
statewide, population-based sample.
Methods: In 2007-2008, questionnaires were mailed to a
random sample of 504 mothers of children with
OFC born 1996-2002 (ages 5-12) identified by the NC birth defects
registry (case mothers). A random
sample of 504 mothers of children without birth defects born
1996-2002 was selected from NC birth
certificates (control mothers). The questionnaire included
Likert-scale, closed-, and open-ended questions
from validated quality of life instruments. Domains included
demographics, outcomes, and quality of
life. Univariate and bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic
regression were used to compare mother
reported educational outcomes between children with and without
OFC. Among children with OFC,
outcomes were compared by cleft type and between children with
isolated and non-isolated OFC.
Univariate and bivariate analysis also evaluated the
maternal-report of selected medical conditions related
to academic outcomes.
Results: About thirty percent (N=150) of eligible case
mothers and 27.6% (N=139) of eligible control
mothers responded. Case mothers reported more developmental delay/
physical impairment, speech
impairment, hearing problems and behavioral/ conduct problems among
their children than control
mothers. No significant differences were found with letter grades
and grade retention among children
with and without OFC or by cleft type among children with OFC.
Children with OFC missed significantly
more school days than unaffected children. Children with
non-isolated OFC were significantly more
likely to repeat a grade than those with isolated OFC.
Conclusions: Despite more mothers reporting behavioral and
developmental problems in children with
isolated OFC, these children appear to perform similarly in school
to their peers who do not have birth
defects. However, children with non-isolated OFC may benefit from
additional interventions to avoid
repeating a grade in school. Further studies should investigate the
specific impacts of the presence of
these co-morbidities on children with OFC in relation to their
services needs and academic success.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
I.
Introduction...................................................................1
II. Background/ Literature
Review...........................................................2
III.
Methods....................................................................19
IV.
Results.....................................................................26
V.
Discussion...................................................................34
a.
Limitations...................................................................37
b.
Strengths...................................................................41
VI.
Conclusion...................................................................43
a. Future
Directions................................................................43
b. Public Health
Implications..............................................................44
VII.
References..............................................................46
VIII.
Tables..............................................................54
a. Table 1.Maternal and child Characteristics and Academic Outcome
Variables and
their Data Source of
Origin................................................................54
b. Table 2a. Selected Maternal and Child Characteristics Compared
Between
Children with Orofacial Clefts (OFC) (cases) and Children Without a
Major Birth
Defect
(controls)....................................................................55
c. Table 2b. Computed SES Levels Compared Between Children with
OFC
(Controls) and Unaffected Children
(Cases)............................................................57
d. Table 3a. Bivariate analysis of the three academic outcomes
between all children
with OFC and unaffected children and children with isolated OFC and
unaffected
children.........................................................................58
e. Table 3b. Bivariate analysis of the three academic outcomes
between all children
with isolated OFC and non-isolated OFC and among children with the
three cleft
types (cleft lip only, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate
only)............................................................59
f. Table 4a. Bivariate analysis of the selected medical conditions
between all
children with orofacial clefts (OFC) and unaffected children
(controls) and
children with isolated OFC and unaffected
children..............................................................60
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