Application of IMDAF and Rh(II)-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions forTotal Synthesis of Natural Products Público
Boonsombat, Jutatip (2008)
Abstract
There are two major themes to this thesis. In part A, an intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade of an indolyl-substituted amidofuran (IMDAF) was utilized as a key strategy for the synthesis of various natural products containing the hydroindole or hydroquinoline ring system. The total synthesis of several Strychnos alkaloids were developed. The central step consists of an IMDAF reaction that delivers an aza-tetracyclic ABCE-rings of the Strychnos alkaloid family. Closure of the remaining D-ring was carried out by an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed enolate-driven cross-coupling reaction. The IMDAF approach was successfully applied to the synthesis of (±)-strychnopivotine, (±)-tubifolidine, and (±)-valparicine. A variation of this tactic was utilized for a synthesis of the heptacyclic alkaloid (±)-strychnine. Another aspect of the thesis was to test the IMDAF strategy for an approach toward the fawcettimine alkaloid family. We were able to assemble the BCD core structure of the carbinolamine portion of fawcettimine. An efficient route for the construction of the methyl furanyl carbamate necessary for the alkaloids was also developed. However, attempts to cyclize the A-ring using an internal displacement reaction were unsuccessful. Further work is therefore necessary to determine the appropriate precursor for A-ring formation. Part B of the thesis involves the application of Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclization/cycloaddition cascade for preparing natural products containing the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system. The intramolecular Rh(II)-catalyzed reactions of an ortho-carbomethoxy aryl diazo dione was investigated as a potential route to the oxatricyclo[6.3.1.00,0]dodecane substructure found in komaroviquinone. Preparation of the hexa-substituted arene required for the natural product is also described. Part B also describes attempts to prepare a furan precursor for a synthesis of furanether B by a Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction. An efficient strategy to prepare the requisite 3,4-disubstituted furan is described. Further investigations dealing with the critical diazo furanyl ketone needed are underway. We have also investigated the Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of the Z-isomer of 2-diazo-3,6-dioxo-6-phenyl-hex-4-enoic acid methyl ester and found that we were unable to trigger a [5+2]-cycloaddition. Instead, an unknown dimer was formed as the major product. The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of the E-isomer was carried out in the presence of various carbonyl compounds and was found to give 1,3-dioxoles as products.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Part A: The IMDAF reaction for the construction of natural products containing hydroindole or hydroquinoline system Chapter A.1. General introduction……………………………………..… 2 Chapter A.2. Application of the cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade of 2-amidofurans for the synthesis of Strychnos alkaloids…….26 A.2.1. Total synthesis of (±)-strychnopivotine……………………..... 37 A.2.2. Total synthesis of (±)-tubifolidine (118)………………….…… 48 A.2.3. Total synthesis of (±)-valparicine (119)…………………..….. 49 A.2.4. Total synthesis of (±)-strychnine (120)……………………….. 51 A.2.5. Lewis acid promoted IMDAF reaction……………………...… 62 Chapter A.3. Application of the cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade of 2-amidofuran toward the synthesis of Fawcettimine alkaloids………………………………………………………….75 Experimental section…………………………………………………………... 101 X-Ray Data…………………………………………………………… 219 References..............………………………….......……….... 241
Part B: Application of Rh(II) catalyzed reactions for natural product synthesis containing oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring Chapter B.1. General introduction………………………………….………… 265 Chapter B.2. Application of the Rh(II)-Catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition towards the synthesis of
komaroviquinone.................287 Chapter B.3. The application of Rh(II)-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition towards the synthesis of furanether B………………..………. 317 Chapter B.4. Investigation of novel cycloaddition reaction toward ylides... 339 Experimental section……………………………………………………………... 350 References…………………...……………………………………………………. 415
Table of Schemes
Part A Scheme 1. Cyclization to a hydroindole core by amine with carbonyl tether……………………………………………………………….4 Scheme 2. Reductive amination approach to hydroindole and hydroquinoline………………………………………………...……. 5 Scheme 3. 1,4-addition pathway via phenolic oxidation to hydroindole and hydroquinoline system……………….…....6 Scheme 4. Ring closure to hydroindole by cyclization of amine tether onto a cyclohexene ring………………………….. 7 Scheme 5. Synthesis of hydroquinoline by cyclization of amine tether 8 Scheme 6. Transition-metal assisted cyclization to hydroindole and hydroquinoline…………....……………………………... 9 Scheme 7. Zirconium-catalyzed cyclization reactions……………………… 10 Scheme 8. A [4+1]-cycloaddition reaction to hydroindole ring…………….. 11 Scheme 9. Diels-Alder approach to hydroindole and hydroquinoline skeletons………………………………………………………12 Scheme 10 Hanessian's tandem intramolecular N-acyloxyiminium ion carbocyclization................................... 13 Scheme 11. Intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to hydroindole and hydroquinoline system………………………………… 14 Scheme 12. Pearson's azaallyl anion cycloaddition…………………………. 15 Scheme 13. Banwell‘s approach to hexahydroindole……………………….. 15 Scheme 14. Overman's aza-Cope Mannich Approach……………………… 16 Scheme 15. Ene-yne-ene ring closing metathesis to hydroindoline……….. 17 Scheme 16. The IMDAF cycloaddition/rearrangement cascade sequence of amidofurans…………………...…………….. 18 Scheme 17. Rate enhancement with carbonyl present in tether..………….. 19 Scheme 18. IMDAF reaction of 2-amidofuran employing indole as dienophile………………………………………………………….20 Scheme 19. Padwa's IMDAF cycloaddition/rearrangement approach to mesembrane ..................……………….….. 21 Scheme 20. Synthesis of dendrobine via IMDAF reaction………………….. 22 Scheme 21. Efficient synthesis of epi-zephyranthine via oxabicyclic cycloadduct from IMDAFreaction…………………23 Scheme 22. The synthesis of lycoridine via one-pot Stille/IMDAF cascade on model substrate…………………………….24 Scheme 23. Rapid construction of the pentacyclic skeleton of the aspidosperma Alkaloid via IMDAF reaction…….25 Scheme 24. Harley-Mason's transannular approach………………………... 29 Scheme 25. Overman's aza-Cope/Mannich approach …………................. 30 Scheme 26. Bonjoch's approach using cis-3a-(2-nitrophenyl)octahydroindol-4-ones (137) as a key intermediate. ........................................................................................................................31 Scheme 27. Kuehne's condensation-sigmatropic rearrangement-cyclization cascade approach……………………………33 Scheme 28. Martin's biomimetic approach…………………………………… 34 Scheme 29. Retrosynthetic analysis for pentacyclic framework of Strychnos alkaloids…………………………………………36 Scheme 30. Preparation of enolate coupling precursor 166………………... 38 Scheme 31. Previous examples of Pd-catalyzed enolate coupling of alkenyl halides……........…………………………….. 39 Scheme 32. Initial attempt at Pd-catalyzed D-ring closure………………….. 40 Scheme 33. The IMDAF reaction of compound 178………………………… 42 Scheme 34. Acyl group migration in compound 179 and 182……………… 43 Scheme 35. Enamide reduction………………………………………………... 44 Scheme 36. Preparation of the pentacyclic common intermediate 193…… 46 Scheme 37. Attempts to use benzoyl protecting group approach………….. 47 Scheme 38. Completion of synthesis of strychnopivotine…………………... 48 Scheme 39. Completion of synthesis of tubifolidine…………………………... 49 Scheme 40. Biogenetic synthesis of valparicine……………………………... 50 Scheme 41. Completion of synthesis of valparicine…………………………. 51 Scheme 42. Biosynthesis of strychnine……………………………………….. 53 Scheme 43. Conversion of isostrychnine or Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde into Strychnine……………………………………… 55 Scheme 44. Retrosynthetic analysis of strychnine…………………………... 56 Scheme 45. Attempt for enolate coupling with TBS-protected side chain… 57 Scheme 46. Synthesis of methyl ether protected side chain……………...... 57 Scheme 47. Optimization of Pd-enolate coupling reaction………………….. 58 Scheme 48. Preparation of PMB and MOM protected side chains………… 59 Scheme 49. Enolate coupling with PMB and MOM protected side chains... 60 Scheme 50. Completion of strychnine synthesis…………………………….. 62 Scheme 51. An irreproducible IMDAF reaction…………………...………….. 63 Scheme 52. Preparation of amidofuran……………………..…………….. 69 Scheme 53. Attempts to prepare trifluoroacetyl indole 257.......................... 71 Scheme 54. Biological synthesis of fawcettimine alkaloids…………………. 78 Scheme 55. Inubushi's synthesis of fawcettimine……………………………. 80 Scheme 56. Heathcock's fawcettimine synthesis……………………………. 81 Scheme 57. The effect of equilibration of the keto-amine forms for the generation of fawcettimine…………………..82 Scheme 58. Toste's organocatalytic/gold catalyzed cyclization approach to (+)-fawcettimine………….………….....83 Scheme 59. Retrosynthetic analysis of fawcettidine………………………… 85 Scheme 60. The preparation of IMDAF precursor…………………………… 86 Scheme 61. The IMDAF reaction studies to BCD ring of fawcettimine core 88 Scheme 62. Preparation of IMDAF precursor with protected acetal……….. 90 Scheme 63. The first approach for a preparation of methyl furan………….. 91 Scheme 64. The second approach for a preparation of methyl furan……… 93 Scheme 65. The formation of IMDAF reaction with methyl furan…………... 94 Scheme 66. The double deprotection of tricyclic system 330…………........…. 96 Scheme 67. Attempts for the generation of A-ring................................... 97 Scheme 68. Attempts toward the generation of fawcettimine core using benzyl protected alcohol……………………99
Part B Scheme 1. Extension of the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane system to other natural products…………………………………267 Scheme 2. SmI2-mediated tandem conjugate addition/nucleophile acyl substitution……………………………….……268 Scheme 3. Prins-Pinacol reaction for the formation of oxabibyclo[3.2.1]octane 269 Scheme 4. 1,5 Michael-type reactions of 5-oxo-η3-allylmolybdenum complexes……………………………………………270 Scheme 5. Intramolecular oxymercuration to form oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. 271 Scheme 6. Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives from D-arabinose……… 272 Scheme 7. Tandem cyclization to bridged ethers by Friedel-Craft cyclization………………………………………………………273 Scheme 8. Variations of intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclization to generate benzene-fused oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane……………. 273 Scheme 9. An example of [4+3]-annuation approach using furan and allyl cation…………………...…………………………275 Scheme 10. A Lewis acid-mediated [4+3]-annualation approach to the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system….275 Scheme 11. The [5+2]-cycloaddition approach to the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivative in the formal synthesis of polygalolides A and B……276 Scheme 12. Liebeskind's [5+2]-cycloaddition reaction using Mo-Π-complex scaffolds…………………………….……..277 Scheme 13. Generation of carbonyl ylides from oxiranes and 1,3,4-oxadiazolines…………………………………….………..278 Scheme 14. The construction of bicyclo[3.2.1]octane from Pt-containing carbonyl ylides…………………………………279 Scheme 15. The Rh(II)-catalyzed tandem reactions of diazo compounds..................................................280 Scheme 16. The use of intramolecular Rh(II)-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition toward the synthesis of zaragozic acid……………………………281 Scheme 17. Intramolecular Rh-catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddtion to oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane…………………………….281 Scheme 18. Synthesis of polygalolides A and B………………….…………. 282 Scheme 19. Padwa's synthesis of brevicomin…………………..…………… 283 Scheme 20. The use of Rh(II)-mediated [3+2]-cycloaddition in the synthesis of illudin M and pterosin Z, I
and H…………………….………….284 Scheme 21. A [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of aspidophytine 285 Scheme 22. General acess to vinca and tacaman alkaloids using Rh(II)- catalyzed [3+2]-cycloaddition……………286 Scheme 23. Proposed biological transformation of komaroviquinone to Komarovispirone…………………………….………289 Scheme 24. The first total synthesis of (±)-komaroviquinone by Banerjee.................................................290 Scheme 25. Majetich's total synthesis of (±)-komaroviquinone…….……… 291 Scheme 26. Majetich's enantiospecific total synthesis of (+)-komaroviquinone.. 292 Scheme 27. Padwa's retrosynthetic analysis of komaroviquinone……….. 293 Scheme 28. The formation of the oxa-tricyclo[6.3.1.00,0]dodecane skeleton using the Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction……………………….……..295 Scheme 29. Example of oxirane formations by Rh(II)-catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds………..…….…297 Scheme 30. The hydrolytic conversion to the corresponding hemiketal……..… 298 Scheme 31. The generation of 4,4-dimethyl-hex-5-enal side chain….......… 299 Scheme 32. The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of the related dimethyl substituted -Compound………………………..…. 300 Scheme 33. The retrosynthetic analysis of the diazo key precursor….…… 301 Scheme 34. Application of Moore/Liebeskind method for the synthesis of requisite phenol……………………..……..303 Scheme 35. Moore's synthesis of phenanthridinediols by a ring expansion procedure……..……………………………..304 Scheme 36. The attempts to phenol using thermolysis of cyclobutenone 305 Scheme 37. Attempts to achieve the desired electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions from protected benzyl alcohol…….……306 Scheme 38. An alternative route to penta-substituted aromatic ring system 306 Scheme 39. Attempts to synthesize penta-substituted arene…………….… 308 Scheme 40. The synthesis of pentasubsituted arene using Carreño's method……………………………………………………309 Scheme 41. The synthesis of the model side chain……………………….… 310 Scheme 42. Introduction of diketone tether by Friedel-Crafts acylation.….. 310 Scheme 43. Introduction of the tether by addition of the dianion with the aldehyde………………………………..…..311 Scheme 44. Attempt to direct lithiation of MOM protected benzyl alcohol 202 …..............………………………….312 Scheme 45. White's success of electrophilic aromatic substitution nucleophilic.. 312 Scheme 46. The success synthesis of hexa-substituted arene…………..… 313 Scheme 47. The synthesis of an arene model system…………………….... 314 Scheme 48. Formation of the lactone product from IBX oxidation……..….. 315 Scheme 49. Proposed mechanism for lactone formation………………….... 316 Scheme 50. Schore's first total synthesis of furanether B……………….….. 320 Scheme 51. Schore's second total synthesis of furanether B…………..….. 321 Scheme 52. The total synthesis by Molander via [3+4]-annulation reaction….. 322 Scheme 53. The total synthesis by de Groot using a base induced rearrangement…………………………………………….323 Scheme 54. Retrosynthetic analysis to furanether B……..…………….…… 324 Scheme 55. Examples of [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions of various substrates.. 325 Scheme 56. Different stereoselectivity of [3+2]-cycloadditions in different steric environment ………………………326 Scheme 57. Changes in stereoselectivity of [3+2]-cycloaddition caused by different metal catalysts………………327 Scheme 58. Examples of 3,4-disubstituted furan formation…………….….. 329 Scheme 59. The synthesis of diethyl furan-3,4-diacetates by Wenkert….... 330 Scheme 60. Attempts to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted furan 277 using a one-carbon homologation process…...331 Scheme 61. Itoh's entry to 3- and 3,4-disubstituted furans from Z-2-butene-1,4-Diols…………………………….………332 Scheme 62. Synthetic route to furan 284 starting from Z-2-butene-1,4-diols……………………………………………………333 Scheme 63. The synthesis of dihydro-isobenzofuran 290…………….……. 334 Scheme 64. Attempts for oxidative cleavage of isolated double bound of furan 290……………………………………………335 Scheme 65. Attempts for selective ozonolysis…………………….…………. 336 Scheme 66. The synthesis of furan 300 containing the required side chains...... 336 Scheme 67. Attempts to the key diazo furan 301……………………….…… 337 Scheme 68. Example of [5+2]-cycloaddition reactions to oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane............341 Scheme 69. The cycloaddition reaction analysis toward oxidopyrylium ylide using Rh(II)-catalyzed chemistry….342 Scheme 70. Unusual formation of pyranone 314 from 5-phenylfuran-2,3-dione………………………………………………343 Scheme 71. The purposed mechanism of the formation of pyranone 314............................................... 344 Scheme 72. The preparation of -diazo compounds 307 and 324……..…. 345 Scheme 73. The attempts for a [5+2]-cycloaddition of a Z-isomer of a-diazo compounds 307………………...…. 345 Scheme 74. The formation of 1,3-dioxoles from E-isomer of a -diazo compounds 324…………………………………… 346 Scheme 75. The reaction of profile of Rh(II)-carbenoid of Z-and E- a -diazo ketoesters…………��…………………….. 348 Table of Figures
Part A Figure 1. Representative examples of natural products containing hydroindole unit………………………………………... 3 Figure 2. Some representative Strychnos alkaloids………………………... 27 Figure 3. The temperature measurement using internal fiber optic probe. 65 Figure 4. Four related classes of Lycopodium alkaloids…………….…….. 77 Figure 5. Various members of carbinolamine form fawcettimine alkaloids 84 Figure 6. ORTEP of compound 370…………..…………..…………………. 98 Figure 7. ORTEP of cycloadduct 330b………………………………………. 189 Part B Figure 1. Example of natural products containing the oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane system……………………................266 Figure 2. Some representative examples of lactarane sesquiterpenes … 318
Table of Tables Part A Table 1. Ratio of starting material to product and yield of product in a variety of Lewis acids…………………………. 66 Table 2. Ratio of starting material to product in different amounts of catalysts and temperatures …………………..68 Table 3. The ratio of starting material and product of benzofuran 247 with and without MgI2 catalyst in different temperature…………. 70 Table 4. The ratio of starting material and product of cyclohexene 257 with and without MgI2 catalyst in different temperature…………72 Table 5. % ee obtained from initial studies of enantioselective IMDAF reaction………………………………………………….73 Part B Table 1. Reaction of E-isomer of α-diazo compound (24) with various carbonyl compounds……………………………..347 List of Abbreviations
µ micro [a] specific rotation Ac acetyl anal analysis Aq aqueous Ar argon Bn benzyl Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl br broad Bu butyl oC degree Celsius calcd calculated d chemical shift(s) d doublet DIBAL-H Diisobutylaluminum hydride DMAP demethylamino pyridine Decomp decomposition DMF dimethyl formamide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide E entgegen ee enantiomeric excess ESI electrospray ionization EDG electron donating group(s) EWG electron withdrawing group(s) Et ethyl FT Fourier transform g gram(s) h hour(s) HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HRMS high resolution mass spectroscopy Hz hertz IBCF Isobutylchloroformate i-Pr isopropyl IR Infrared Spectroscopy J coupling constant LA Lewis acid LHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide mol mole m multiplet m-CPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid Me methyl mg milligram(s) MHz megahertz min minute(s) mL milliliter(s) µL microliter(s) mmol millimole(s) mp melting point Ms Methanesulfonyl NMM 4-methylmorpholine NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance q quartet rt room temperature s singlet SM starting material t triplet TBAF Tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBAHS Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl TFA trifluoroacetic acid TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride p-TsOH para-toluenesulfonic acid
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