South African College Students' Attitudes Regarding Smoke-Free Policies in Public Spaces, Private Spaces, and on Campus Open Access
Narula, Shana Kaur (2011)
Abstract
South African College Students' Attitudes Regarding Smoke-Free
Policies in Public Spaces, Private Spaces, and on Campus
By Shana K. Narula
Tobacco control policies have been increasingly implemented globally. Thus, we examined smoking behavior and attitudes and implementation of private smoking bans among college students in South Africa. An online survey was completed by 130 University of Cape Town students; 4 focus groups among 27 college smokers were also conducted. Among the survey sample, 46.6% were female, 53.4% were White, and 41.5% smoked in the past 30 days (i.e., current smokers). Significant predictors of current smoking included being male (OR=0.34, p=.03), more friends that smoke (OR=1.34, p=.03), more frequently consuming alcohol in the past 30 days (OR=1.09, p=.02), and more days of marijuana use (OR=1.12, p=.15). Focus group data indicated that social factors (i.e., peer or familial) were major influences for smoking initiation and maintenance. While participants reported attempting to quit, common triggers for relapse and barriers to quit included stress, social environments, alcohol consumption, varying home restrictions, and the lack of policy enforcement. Survey data indicated that 6.8% disapproved of a public ban, 4.9% disapproved of smoke-free workplaces, 17.5% disapproved of restaurant bans, and 37.9% disapproved of smoke-free bars. Less negative attitudes toward smoking were associated with being younger (Coefficient=-0.67, p=.03), more days of smoking in the past 30 days (Coefficient=0.70, p<.001), and having more friends that smoke (Coefficient=1.40, p=.02). In terms of campus policies, 20.4% disapproved of the current smoking policies (i.e., no smoking in university buildings), and 39.8% disapproved of a complete campus-wide ban. While 10.7% stated less likelihood of attending the college if it had a complete ban, 13.6% reported being more likely to attend. Focus group data indicated that enforcement of public and campus policies was a barrier to maintaining smoke-free policies and reducing smoking in Cape Town. In regard to private restrictions, 73.8% had complete car bans; 67.0% had complete home bans. Despite high levels of support for smoke-free policies, smoking is highly prevalent among South African college students. Future tobacco control efforts must focus on the enforcement of existing public and campus policies in South Africa.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction...1
Literature Review...8
Specific Aims...12
Methodology...13
Naturalistic Observations...13
Survey Research...14
Focus Group Research...18
Results...20
Naturalistic Observations...20
Survey Research...21
Focus Group Research...23
Limitations...31
Conclusions...32
References...33
Result Tables:
Table 1: Naturalistic Observations...37
Table 2: Survey Participant Characteristics...38
Table 3: Bivariate analyses examining correlates of current smoking
status...40
Table 4: Multivariate model identifying factors related to current
smoking status...41
Table 5: Regression models predicting reactions to smoke-free
policies in public, on campus, and in private spaces...42
Table 6: Focus group participant characteristics...43
Table 7: Reactions to smoking policies in public, on campus, and in
private spaces...44
Figures:
Figure 1: Number of days smoked among college student
smokers...46
Figure 2: Percent of students reporting reactions to public
policies, campus policies, and private policies...47
Appendices:
Appendix A: Tobacco Products Control Act and Amendments of South
Africa...49
Appendix B: Percentage changes in smoking indicators in South
Africa (1993 to 2007)...50
Appendix C: Main provisions of the WHO FCTC...51
Appendix D: Behavioral Ecological Model Schematic...52
Appendix E: University Student Smoking Survey...53
Appendix F: Focus Group Moderator's Guide...62
Appendix G: Focus Group Questionnaire...69
Appendix H: Survey Consent Form...72
Appendix I: Focus Group Consent Form...74
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