The Indicators of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus In Six Environmental Samples Types: A Systematic Review Público
Tang, Grace (2016)
Abstract
Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) are the two most prevalent enteric viruses that cause gastroenteritis in the US and globally. To test for these enteric viruses indicators, organisms developed assess fecal contamination, and are used in place of directly testing for the viruses themselves. The goal of this study was to investigate which indicators were most prevalent in each environmental sample of the agriculture environment, including water, faeces, food, soil, hands, and surfaces. This systematic review examines, from US and global sources, a comprehensive list of indicators used to test for enteric viruses. The results were organized based on environmental sample and indicator group, including bacterial and viral. A total of 297 articles were included in the database of results. Out of these, 67 were included for final review. 98 viral indicators and 92 bacterial indicators were found in at least 49 articles regarding Norovirus. 37 viral indicators and 27 bacterial indicators were found in at least six articles discussing HAV. The most prevalent indicator for Norovirus in water was E. coli and the most prevalent indicator of HAV in food was also E. coli. E. coli and Adenovirus were the most strongly connected with Norovirus and HAV. This systematic review demonstrates which indicators would be the most prevalent for assisting with identifying enteric viruses in the agricultural environment.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
INTRODUCTION 1
US and Global Burden of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus 1
CLINICAL DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NOROVIRUS AND HAV 2
Clinical Disease 2
Epidemiology 2
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH NOROVIRUS AND HAV 3
Norovirus and HAV Mortality and Morbidity in the US and the World 3
Serotypes and Geographic Distribution 5
THE SIX TRANSMISSION VEHICLES OF NOROVIRUS AND HAV 5
Stool 7
Water 7
Hands 8
Soil 9
Produce 10
Surfaces 10
DIFFICULTIES IN DETECTING ENTERIC VIRUSES 11
INDICATORS AND THE NEED FOR STANDARDIZED PROXY INDICATORS 11
Shortcomings of Laboratory and Testing Methods 11
OVERVIEW OF IDEAL INDICATORS FOR DETECTING ENTERIC VIRUSES 12
TYPES OF INDICATORS AND CURRENT USE WITH ENTERIC VIRUSES 13
Viral Indicators 13
Total Coliforms, Coliform Bacteria, and Fecal Coliforms 14
Fecal Streptococci 14
Bacteriophage 15
Other Indicators 15
GOALS AND AIMS 16
CONCLUSION 16
CHAPTER II: METHODS 18
PROTOCOL AND REGISTRATION 18
CRITERIA FOR NOROVIRUS AND HAV INDICATORS DATABASE 18
Research Protocol Objective 18
Possible Outcomes and Additional Information 19
Search Criteria for Systematic Review 19
Article Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 19
Information Extracted from Articles into Database 20
STUDY SELECTION 20
CHAPTER III: RESULTS 21
DESCRIPTION OF DATASET 21
INDICATORS OF NOROVIRUS IN EACH ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE AND BACTERIAL OR VIRAL GROUP 22 INDICATORS OF HAV IN EACH ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE AND BACTERIAL OR VIRAL GROUP 22
INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 23
NO INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 24
INDICATORS WITH SIMPLE PRESENCE AND STATISTICAL MEASURES AND OR EFFECT SIZES 24
DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSOCIATIONS 25
Norovirus and the indicator 25
HAV and the Indicator 26
APPROVALS AND DISAPPROVALS OF USING INDICATORS 26
CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION 29
LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTHS 30
IMPLICATIONS 30 CONCLUSIONS 31
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS 32
REFERENCES 33
TABLES AND FIGURES 39
TABLE 1: CRITERIA FOR AN IDEAL INDICATOR ORGANISM 39
TABLE 2: CRITERIA FOR DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF METHODS FOR TESTING FOR INDICATORS 40
FIGURE 1: FLOW CHART OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 41
TABLE 3: INDICATORS OF NOROVIRUS IN SIX TRANSMISSION VEHICLES AND INDICATOR GROUPS (NUMBER OF ARTICLES FOUND IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW) 43
TABLE 4: INDICATORS OF HAV IN SIX TRANSMISSION VEHICLES AND INDICATOR GROUPS (NUMBER OF ARTICLES FOUND IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEW) 44
TABLE 5: NUMBER OF ARTICLES WITH SIMPLE PRESENCE AND STATISTICAL MEASURES OF ALL INDICATORS OF NOROVIRUS AND HAV 45
TABLE 6: INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 46
TABLE 7: NO INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 52
APPENDIX 56 MORE INFORMATION ON INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND 56
MORE INFORMATION ON NO INDICATOR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND 58
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