The Effects of Natural Disasters on Infant Health: Evidence from India Open Access
Handel, Danielle (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Given the rising frequency and intensity of natural disasters across the globe and particularly in developing nations, it is vital to understand the effect of climate on the health of future generations. I explore the effects of in utero exposure to tropical cyclones on birth outcomes in India by using spatial storm track data and representative demographic and health survey data. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate that exposure significantly increases neonatal and infant mortality rates, while the effect on birth weight is less clear. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the negative consequences are most severe for those living in rural regions, evidencing the need for improved access to healthcare and stable infrastructure in India's rural areas. I highlight a combination of acute maternal stress and temporary shocks to healthcare services and infrastructure as plausible mechanisms.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature and context 5
2.1 Literature on early life shocks and health outcomes . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Pathways between disasters and infant health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 The Indian economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Healthcare infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.5 Tropical cyclones in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Data 12
3.1 Data on storms and cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3.2 Data on birth outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Mortality data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 Birth weight data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4 Identification strategy 16
4.1 Mortality specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Birth weight specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 Results 19
5.1 Mortality results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Birth weight results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 Event studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6 Heterogeneity analysis 24
6.1 District-level heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
6.2 Individual-level heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7 Robustness 28
7.1 Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2 Fetal mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.3 Lee bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.4 Varying measures of exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.5 Varying estimations of average length of gestation . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Conclusions 32
9 Tables 43
10 Figures 54
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