A Descriptive Analysis of Anemia as Perceived by Women of Reproductive Age Emerging from a Systematic Review of the Literature 公开
Amponsah,Afia (Summer 2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Anemia presents a significant global public health challenge, particularly impacting women of reproductive age. Understanding anemia from those most vulnerable to it is crucial for implementing effective interventions. However, systematic literature reviews addressing women's perception of anemia are non-existent. This thesis aims to descriptively analyze the literature on women's anemia perception.
Methods: The review encompassed 95 articles, with 26 presenting qualitative outcomes and 71 reporting quantitative outcomes. Data pertaining to women of reproductive age were independently extracted. Characteristics such as Progress-Plus were extracted to capture the background of women in the articles. Progress-Plus is an approach used for health inequality monitoring. It considers various factors that stratify health opportunities and outcomes, including place of residence, race/ethnicity/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, social capital, personal characteristics associated with discrimination, features of relationships, and time-dependent relationships. To assess women's perception of anemia, researchers searched for the following outcomes: preferences, values, knowledge, awareness, definition, experience with, cause, signs and symptoms, attitude, opinion, acceptability, treatment and management, prevention, and consequences. Data cleaning and analysis were conducted using Microsoft Excel, and descriptive statistics were computed for all data extracted from the studies.
Results: The studies in the review represented all WHO regions, with Southeast Asia accounting for the most studies (33.3%). Most studies reported sample size (97.9%), disaggregation variables (88.4%), and were cross-sectional in design (64.2%). Progress-plus items, such as gender/sex (100%), place of residence (79.0%), and education (75.8%), were frequently reported. The most frequent outcome measures were knowledge (36.4%) and causes (19.0%) for quantitative and qualitative studies, respectively; data were mostly presented as prevalences (84.0%) and author summaries (96.2%), respectively. The analysis indicated low bias in studies, with 57.7% to 85.9% of quantitative studies reporting low bias items and more than 80% of qualitative studies suggesting low bias for five of the six bias items.
Conclusion: This study offers a foundational understanding of women's perception of anemia, drawing data from diverse regions and women. These findings can guide the development of practical guidelines and targeted interventions to reduce anemia among women.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Literature review 1
Introduction1
Table 1: WHO’s hemoglobin concentration levels to diagnosis anemia, and its severity (mild,moderate, severe), at sea level based on age, sex, and physiological status 15
Chapter 2: Manuscript 21
Abstract 23
Introduction 24
Methods 25
Results 31
Discussion 33
Conclusion 34
Figure 1: Number of studies per country that report women’s perception of anemia (n=95) 36
Figure 2: PRISMA flow chart of the systematic search, screening, and selection of studies that report women’s perception of anemia 37
Figure 3: PRISMA flow chart of the studies included in the analysis of women’s perception of anemia (n=95) 38
Table 1: Summary of characteristics in included studies reporting anemia perception among women of childbearing age (n=95) 39
Table 2: Summary of Progress-plus characteristics in included studies reporting anemia perception among women of childbearing age (n=95) 41
Table 3: Results from studies reporting quantitative outcomes of women of reproductive age’s perception of anemia, by outcome measure (n=1,209) and data type 43
Table 4: Summary of bias items in studies with quantitative outcomes (n=71) of anemia perception among women of childbearing age, adapted from Cochrane Handbook’s Guidelines for Non-Randomized Studies 45
Table 5: Results from studies reporting qualitative outcomes of women of reproductive age’s perception of anemia, by outcome measure (n=158) and data type 46
Table 6: Summary of bias items in studies with qualitative outcomes (n=28) in reporting anemia perception among women of childbearing age, adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programmed (CASP) checklist 48
Chapter 3: Expanded conclusion 52
Expanded conclusion 52
Public health implications 53
Further research 54
Appendix 1: Summary of characteristics and bias items extracted from quantitative studies that assessed anemia perception in women of childbearing age (n=71) 55
Appendix 2: Summary of results reporting quantitative outcomes that assessed anemia perception in women of childbearing age by outcome measure, data type, characteristics, and alternative outcome measures 155
Appendix 3: Summary of characteristics and bias items extracted from qualitative studies that assessed anemia perception in women of childbearing age (n=26) 540
Appendix 4: Summary of results reporting qualitative outcomes that assessed anemia perception in women of childbearing age by outcome measure, data type, characteristics, and alternative outcome measures 612
About this Master's Thesis
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