Cost Analysis of a Combined, Household-level Piped Water Supply and Sanitation Program in Rural Odisha, India Öffentlichkeit
Krauss, Julia (Fall 2017)
Published
Abstract
Background: A lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is particularly a problem in India, which is responsible for the majority of world’s open defecation. The Government of India’s response to the country’s WASH challenges, which includes campaigns focused on improving sanitation coverage, has been inadequate. To fill the gaps of the government-led sanitation campaigns, Gram Vikas, a nonprofit organization in Odisha, India developed the Movement and Action Network for Transformation of Rural Areas (MANTRA) program. MANTRA facilitates the establishment of a community-wide water distribution system that provides household-level piped water that is contingent on full village-level toilet coverage.
Methods: This cost analysis used a prospective costing approach to enumerate intervention inputs, estimate base year costs from a broad societal perspective, and extrapolate intervention costs over a 10-year time period, with 2015 as the base year. Costs were incurred or constructed, in the costing model, on three levels – the program implementer (i.e., Gram Vikas), village and household. The fixed capital and recurring costs for each of the three levels were summed together per year and discounted to 2015 using a 3% discount rate. The discounted, per annum costs were totaled to determine the total cost of MANTRA over the 10-year period and allocated per household based on the number of households projected to participate in the intervention during the 10-year analytical period. Data were collected from village and household level surveys, which were supplemented with inputs from Gram Vikas collected through an enumeration exercise, interviews and by examining Gram Vikas’ financial records.
Findings: The total cost of the MANTRA program over the 10-year analytical period was approximately $1,240 per household. The fixed capital cost of the village water system ($327 per household) and the household sanitary unit ($747 per household) accounted for the majority (85%) of the total cost. Approximately 30% of the household sanitary unit fixed capital cost was attributed to unpaid labor contributed by the household members. The Government of India played a major role in reimbursing the cost of the village water system and providing households with an incentive ($180) for their sanitary unit.
Table of Contents
Background1
Global water & sanitation challenge1
Impact of WASH interventions3
Call for action5
India’s water & sanitation challenge5
India’s WASH-related burden of disease8
Indian sanitation campaigns9
Successes and challenges of India’s sanitation campaigns12
Gram Vikas14
MANTRA program15
Cost of water & sanitation19
Water cost20
Sanitation cost21
WASH cost analysis implications24
Study Aims and Objectives27
Methods28
Costing approach and rationale28
Sampling29
Data collection30
Data analysis31
MANTRA program timing and coverage32
Gram Vikas fixed capital costs33
Gram Vikas recurring costs33
Village level fixed capital costs34
Village level recurring costs36
Household level fixed capital costs37
Household level recurring costs38
Results40
General40
Programmatic costs41
Software costs42
Hardware costs42
Operation and maintenance45
Location contributions47
Government support50
Discount rate51
Discussion52
Programmatic costs52
Village water system & household sanitary unit costs52
Key stakeholders53
Comparison to other programs54
Strengths55
Limitations56
Conclusions and Implications59
Conclusions59
Implications60
Future directions61
References63
Appendix A – Model Cost Assumptions Chart68
Appendix B – Detailed Cost Estimates by Level76
List of Figures
Figure 1: Plans for household sanitary unit (latrine & washroom)17
Figure 2: Photographs of the construction of the household sanitary unit17
Figure 3: Fixed capital cost components of household sanitary unit per household44
Figure 4: Fixed capital cost components of village water system per household44
Figure 5: Fixed capital costs and O&M costs of the village water system and household sanitary unit per household over a 10-year period46
Figure 6: Percentage of the MANTRA program cost shared by each stakeholder49
Figure 7: Actual monetary cost, per household, of the village water system and household sanitary unit, and contributed labor cost over a 10-year period49
Figure 8: Breakdown of household sanitary unit fixed capital cost by stakeholder50
List of Tables
Table 1: Evolution of India’s Total Sanitation Campaign12
Table 2: Activities per MANTRA phase19
Table 3: Per capita costs (in 2005 dollars) of water improvements, excluding program costs21
Table 4: Cost estimates for sanitation programs per household23
Table 5: Cost levels and components32
Table 6: MANTRA program statistics over 10-year time period40
Table 7: Societal cost of the MANTRA program over a 10-year time period41
Table 8: Programmatic cost of MANTRA over a 10-year time period42
Table 9: Average fixed capital cost components of the village water system and household sanitary units over a 10-year time period45
Table 10: Breakdown of O&M costs of the village water system and household sanitary unit per household per year47
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