Are the adverse academic outcomes seen in preterm children attenuated from first to third grade? An investigation using a Georgia-born cohort Öffentlichkeit
Esie, Precious Ijeoma (2016)
Published
Abstract
Introduction: Children born preterm are more susceptible to impaired cognitive function, potentially leading to impediment in school readiness, which can have a lasting impact on health and opportunity trajectory, and studies investigating whether or not children eventually "catch-up" are inconsistent and minimal. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the association of being born preterm with risk for adverse cognitive function is attenuated in third grade as compared to first grade.
Methods: The Georgia Birth to School Cohort, a retrospective cohort, consisting of singleton live births to Georgia resident mothers, deterministically linked these birth records, including the exposure of gestational age in weeks, to their respective Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT) data for first and third grade. CRCT linkage was considered as follow-up points, and the final dataset for analysis included 176,674 observations. Association between the outcome - change in first to third grade CRCT--and exposure were assessed using multinomial regression. A supplementary analysis using logistic regression was also performed, using third grade failure as the outcome of interest.
Results: Across all three outcome contrasts relative to pass-pass, extremely preterm births (compared to term births) had the strongest exposure-outcome relationships. Notably, the odds of failing, then passing the CRCT (i.e. catch-up) relative to passing in both first and third grades among extremely preterm births compared to term births across all components was: math [OR=1.9, 95% CI (1.3, 2.9)], ELA [OR= 2.0, 95% CI (1.5, 2.6)], and reading [OR= 2.2, 95% CI (1.7, 3.0)]. Extremely preterm births, relative to term births, had the highest odds of failing each third grade CRCT component - math [OR=2.1 95% CI (1.7, 2.6)], ELA [OR=1.9, 95% CI (1.4, 2.5)], and reading [OR=1.7, 95% CI (1.4, 2.2)]. First grade failure was also the strongest predictor of third grade failure for each component.
Conclusion: It is unknown if, or when, cognitive catch-up following preterm birth occurs. Generally speaking, there was an inverse dose-response relationship by the association of preterm status on CRCT outcome change and third grade outcome only.
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Literature Review 1
Introduction 1
Preterm Birth 2
Social and Demographic Patterns in Preterm Birth 3
Education and Health 9
Preterm Birth on Childhood Education 11
Research Aims 14
Chapter II: Manuscript 17
Abstract 17
Introduction 18
Methods 19
Results 23
Discussion 28
Tables 33
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of retrospective birth to school cohort 33
Table 2. Crude multinomial logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure and selected characteristics with change of the CRCT math component from first to third grade 37
Table 3. Crude multinomial logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure and selected characteristics with change of the CRCT English/Language Arts (ELA) component from first to third grade 39
Table 4. Crude multinomial logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure and selected characteristics with change of the CRCT reading component from first to third grade 41
Table 5. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure with change of CRCT components from first to third grade 43
Table 6. Tetrachoric correlation coefficients for first grade CRCT components 45
Table 7. Crude logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of failure of third grade math, English/Language Arts (ELA), and reading components of the CRCT for selected characteristics 45
Table 8. Adjusted logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of failure of third grade math, English/Language Arts (ELA), and reading components of the CRCT for selected characteristics 47
Figures 48
Figure 1. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposure with change of CRCT components - math (top), ELA (middle), and reading (bottom) - from first to third grade 48
Figure 2. Directed acyclic graph for the relationship between preterm birth and third grade CRCT results, conditional on first grade CRCT results, considering the unmeasured impact of schooling 49
Chapter III: References 50
Chapter IV: Future Directions 58
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