Paleolithic Diet Scoring and Associations with Inflammation,Colorectal Adenomas, and Mortality Öffentlichkeit

Abstract

Homo sapiens may be more biologically adapted to the general diet that they would have eaten prior to the development of agriculture, the "Paleolithic diet". Yet few studies have examined this dietary pattern and any potential benefits it may have in reducing risk for modern chronic diseases. In the first study, we investigated associations of two diet pattern scores, the Paleolithic and the Mediterranean, with circulating levels of two inflammation-related biomarkers, CRP and F2-isoprostanes, in a pooled cross-sectional study of an elective outpatient colonoscopy population (N=646). We found statistically significant trends for decreasing mean plasma biomarker concentrations with increasing quintiles of the Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet scores. In the second study, we assessed associations of the two diet scores with prevalent incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas in a case-control study (n=2,301) of colorectal polyps. The adjusted odds ratios comparing those in the highest to the lowest quintiles of the diet scores were, respectively, 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50, 1.02; Ptrend=0.02) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.54, 1.03; Ptrend=0.05) when comparing the cases to the endoscopy-negative controls, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.26; Ptrend=0.14) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.53, 1.11; Ptrend=0.13) when comparing the cases to the community controls. In the third study, we investigated associations of the Paleolithic and the Mediterranean diet scores with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a longitudinal cohort of adults (REGARDS; n=21,423). During a median follow-up of 6.25 years, 2,513 participants died. The adjusted hazard ratios comparing those in the highest to those in the lowest quintiles of the diet scores were, respectively, 0.77 (95% CI 0.67, 0.89; Ptrend<0.01) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.54, 0.73; Ptrend<0.01). The results of these studies suggest that more Paleolithic- or Mediterranean-like diet patterns may be associated with lower levels of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress; lower risk for incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas; and lower risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Overall, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of Paleolithic diet patterns by creating the first such diet pattern score and using it to assess the diet's association with risk of chronic disease.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction and Background.. 3

Introduction. 3

Background. 4

Nutrition, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. 4

Nutrition, obesity, and chronic disease. 5

Nutrition, inflammation, oxidative balance, and chronic disease. 6

Results from supplement trials 10

Dietary pattern scores 12

The Mediterranean diet 19

The Paleolithic diet 21

Conclusions/gaps in the literature. 28

Research Plan. 33

Objectives, Specific Aims, and Study Hypotheses 33

Methods 34

Significance and Impact of the Study. 41

Chapter 2: Associations of Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores with biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative balance.. 43

Abstract 44

Introduction. 44

Methods 46

Results 50

Discussion. 52

Chapter 3: Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet Pattern Scores and Risk for Incident, Sporadic Colorectal Adenomas. 63

Abstract 64

Introduction. 65

Methods 66

Results 70

Discussion. 72

Chapter 4: Associations of Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet Patterns with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.. 81

Abstract 82

Introduction. 83

Methods 84

Results 88

Discussion. 90

Conclusions and Public Health Implications 100

Future Directions. 101

References. 103

About this Dissertation

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School	Laney Graduate School
Department	Epidemiology
Degree	PhD
Submission	Dissertation
Language	English
Research Field	Health Sciences, Epidemiology
Stichwort	Paleolithic diet chronic disease Mediterranean diet diet patterns
Committee Chair / Thesis Advisor	Bostick, Roberd M, Emory University
Committee Members	Judd, Suzanne, University of Alabama Hartman, Terry, Emory University McCullough, Marjorie, Emory University Flanders, W Dana, Emory University

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