Domūs and Insulae in the City of Rome: Living Spaces, Design, and Development 公开
Mundy, Joanna (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Excavations throughout the city of Rome over the last century now allow us to gather a much more complete image of urban ancient Roman housing. This study uses the decorations and organization of architecturally organized domestic spaces, which have been archaeologically recovered within the limits of the Aurelian walls between the first and fifth centuries CE, to elucidate how domestic spaces played a role in Roman life and society in this period. It examines how residences contributed to the social interactions and political status of households both on an interior scale, examining the individual spaces within Roman houses as settings for social interaction, and on an exterior scale, seeing how the placement of a household within the urban city plan and within the social networks in the city influenced the public development of Rome. First on the interior scale of domestic space, it examines the individual rooms of Roman houses through an architectural analysis of lines-of-sight, decoration, and architectural arrangement of rooms. Then on an exterior scale, using network analysis and GIS mapping, it examines how the placement of a household within the topography of the city was influenced by its position within social networks.
The dataset consists of ninety-one domūs or possible domūs and twenty-eight insulae with possible multi-family residences and provides a foundation for the examination of three key questions. First, Romans consciously chose the decoration and design of their spaces. How do their choices of decorative program, lines-of-sight, and organization reveal the relative degree of accessibility that would have been expected in different types of domestic spaces? Second, it examines the decorative program of particular spaces to uncover decorative themes found in common in specific types of spaces, such as open-air courtyards or interior large decorative rooms. These themes indicate possible expectations for the use of these spaces. Finally, using network analysis and GIS, it asks if social networks among households in the fourth century, specifically relationships based on political standing, cultic participation, or familial ties, influenced the development of the topographical neighborhoods of the city.
This study concludes that Romans consciously created spaces for flexible use to accommodate a maximum variety of social functions, both public and private, in the compact footprints available in the urban center of the city. Romans used key decorative themes to maximize the appearance of their status, wealth, and education, and tailored these themes to different types of rooms. While their social ties did not have a clear impact on the locations of domestic buildings in the city, their social status and wealth impacted the development of the urban plan and changed the shapes of the hills as they were expanded and built into by wealthy patrons.
Table of Contents
Index: Domūs and Insulae in the City of Rome: Living Spaces, Design, and Development
Chapter 1 – Introduction and Historiography of the Domus................................................... 1
Introduction to Historiography:.......................................................................................... 1
Ancient Sources:................................................................................................................ 5
Early Modern Scholarship:................................................................................................. 11
The Nineteenth Century and Unification:........................................................................... 21
Theories in the Twentieth Century:.................................................................................... 26
The Influence of Early Rome:............................................................................................. 34
Spatial Theories after World War II:................................................................................... 38
The Study of Roman Housing in the Later Twentieth Century:............................................ 41
Network Analysis and Technology:..................................................................................... 47
Introduction to the Following Chapters and Analysis:........................................................ 49
Chapter 2 – Space in Roman Houses - Open Access Spaces.................................................... 52
Introduction:..................................................................................................................... 52
Review of visual analysis methodologies:........................................................................... 54
Entry Spaces: Fauces, Vestibulum:..................................................................................... 59
Covered or Partially Covered Courtyards: Atrium:.............................................................. 70
Open-sided or open-fronted rooms: Ala, Tablinum:........................................................... 78
Peristyles and porticoed courtyards:................................................................................... 84
Other courtyards:.............................................................................................................. 123
Conclusions – Openly Accessible Spaces:........................................................................... 128
Chapter 3 – Controlled Space in Roman Houses.................................................................... 133
Introduction:..................................................................................................................... 133
Small closed rooms: Cubicula, Storage, Culina, Latrines:.................................................... 134
Cellae and service spaces:.......................................................................................................... 135
Cubicula and small decorative rooms:....................................................................................... 142
Small multifunctional cellae or coenacula:................................................................................ 152
Dining or presentation rooms:............................................................................................ 157
The triclinium:........................................................................................................................... 157
The oecus and exedra:................................................................................................................ 160
Large central rooms with paired side rooms:............................................................................. 166
Large decorative rooms not in sets:........................................................................................... 179
Unaligned decorative rooms:..................................................................................................... 186
Conclusions:............................................................................................................................... 197
Halls, Aulae:...................................................................................................................... 198
Poly-lobed rooms:...................................................................................................................... 199
Large one-apsed halls:................................................................................................................ 203
Uniquely apsed rooms:............................................................................................................... 209
Conclusions:............................................................................................................................... 212
Baths:................................................................................................................................ 213
Possibly partially or completely public:..................................................................................... 214
Late Antique domestic bath:...................................................................................................... 219
Heated rooms:............................................................................................................................. 223
Nymphaea and Grottos:...................................................................................................... 226
Courtyard fountains and nymphaea:.......................................................................................... 227
Underground examples of nymphaea:........................................................................................ 229
Nymphaea placed in apses:........................................................................................................ 231
Water sources:............................................................................................................................ 232
Decoration:................................................................................................................................ 233
Conclusions:.............................................................................................................................. 234
Conclusions – Controlled Access Spaces:.................................................................................. 235
Chapter 3 Part 2 – Inconclusive Access Spaces:...................................................................... 238
Sacred spaces:.................................................................................................................... 238
Stairways:.......................................................................................................................... 242
Upper floors:..................................................................................................................... 247
Conclusions:.............................................................................................................................. 250
Subterranean spaces:......................................................................................................... 250
Conclusions:..................................................................................................................... 253
Chapter 4 – A Comparative Social Network Analysis of the Households of Rome in the Early and Late Fourth Century CE.. 254
Introduction:.................................................................................................................... 254
Historiography of the Method:........................................................................................... 257
Methods of my Analysis:.................................................................................................... 262
Software:.................................................................................................................................... 262
Force-Directed Layouts:............................................................................................................. 263
Modularity:................................................................................................................................. 265
Degree:....................................................................................................................................... 266
Eigenvector centrality:............................................................................................................... 266
Betweenness Centrality:............................................................................................................. 266
My Data:............................................................................................................................. 267
Types of Connections/Edges:...................................................................................................... 268
Early fourth Century Data Set:.................................................................................................... 270
Late fourth Century Data Set:.................................................................................................... 276
Analysis early fourth century:............................................................................................. 285
Modularity:................................................................................................................................. 285
Degree:....................................................................................................................................... 290
Eigenvector centrality:............................................................................................................... 297
Betweenness:.............................................................................................................................. 299
Conclusions for 300-330 CE:...................................................................................................... 300
Analysis late fourth century:...............................................................................................303
Modularity:................................................................................................................................ 303
Degree:........................................................................................................................................306
Eigenvector centrality:............................................................................................................... 308
Betweenness:............................................................................................................................. 309
Conclusions:....................................................................................................................... 310
Chapter 5 – Conclusions.........................................................................................................313
Appendix – 3D Model of the Domus Azara..............................................................................326
Objectives:.........................................................................................................................326
History and Sources:...........................................................................................................326
Goals:.................................................................................................................................327
Results and Conclusions:....................................................................................................328
Figure A.1: A direct line-of-sight from the courtyard to the exterior window.........................329
Figure A.2: A view at human height from the courtyard through rooms B and C......................329
Figure A.3: The view from room F across the courtyard with its blue tub to room D............... 330
Figure A.4: The decoration of room B, showing the corner pilaster and cross vault, as well as the exterior window. 331
List of sources:.................................................................................................................332
Works Cited:........................................................................................................................334
Catalog:..............................................................................................................................353
Figures:...............................................................................................................................748
Chapter 1 – Figures:........................................................................................................748
Chapter 2 – Figures:........................................................................................................757
Chapter 3 – Figures:........................................................................................................769
Chapter 4 – Figures:........................................................................................................783
Chapter 5 – Figures:........................................................................................................819
Catalog – Figures:...........................................................................................................821
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