A Woman’s Place is in the Resistance: Understanding the Legacy of Female Combatants on Post-Conflict Gender Equity Público
Medina, Eden (Spring 2022)
Abstract
This thesis represents the first effort to leverage quantitative methods to comprehensively understand the long-term political dynamics of female combatants in cases of civil war and insurgency. I examine the relationship between women’s participation in rebel groups and their representation in negotiations and post-conflict politics across multiple scenarios. I contend that when women actively participate in rebellion they increase the likelihood of institutionalizing women’s presence and activity in the post-conflict political environment in diverse ways. Rebel group experience provides women with the requisite skill set for political activity, while also affording them leverage within their movements and refashioning gender norms within their communities. In a series of three empirical tests, I explore the effects of female combatant presence and prevalence on women’s representation on elite negotiating teams, gender provision inclusion in peace agreements, and gender quota adoption by former rebel parties. I test how the gender composition of rebel groups explains variation in women’s post-conflict political representation using cross-national data on women’s activity in 316 insurgencies active between 1964 and 2014 from the Women in Armed Rebellion Dataset 1.3 (WARD). I also utilize data on women’s participation in negotiations from Krause et al. (2018), gender provisions in peace agreements from PA-X 5 (Bell et al. 2021), and gender quotas from the IDEA Gender Quotas Database (GQD), alongside original data on gender quota adoption. I show that peace processes involving rebel groups with female combatants are significantly more likely to include women on conflict termination teams. Additionally, political parties succeeding rebel groups with female combatants are significantly more likely to voluntarily adopt party quotas, and as the share of female combatants in a group increases, the probability of party quota adoption increases. These findings support the existence of a robust relationship between rebel group and political movement as it relates to women’s representation.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW, AND THEORY 1
Introduction 1
Literature Review 5
Theory 12
CHAPTER 2: WHEN WILL MY WIFE COME HOME FROM WAR? FEMALE COMBATANTS AND THE GENDER COMPOSITION OF ELITE NEGOTIATING TEAMS 22
Introduction and Literature Review 22
Data and Variables 31
Independent Variables: 31
Dependent Variable: 34
Control Variables: 35
Model Selection and Estimation 36
Analysis and Results 37
Table 2.1: Linear Models for Female Combatant Presence and Female Signatories 38
Table 2.2: Linear Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Female Signatories 39
CHAPTER 3: PEACE OUT, GIRL SCOUT: FEMALE COMBATANTS AND GENDER PROVISIONS IN PEACE AGREEMENTS 41
Introduction and Literature Review 41
Data and Variables 45
Independent Variables: 45
Dependent Variables: 46
Control Variables: 47
Model Selection and Estimation 49
Analysis and Results 49
Table 3.1: Logit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Gender Provisions 50
Table 3.2: Logit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Gender Provisions 51
Table 3.3: Logit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Any Gender Provisions 52
Table 3.4: Logit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Any Gender Provisions 53
CHAPTER 4: FROM CONFLICT TO CONGRESS: FEMALE COMBATANTS AND GENDER QUOTA ADOPTION 57
Introduction and Literature Review 57
Data and Variables 60
Independent Variables: 60
Control Variables: 64
Model Selection and Estimation 65
Analysis and Results 65
Table 4.1: Linear Models for Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption 66
Table 4.2: Linear Models for Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption (High) 67
Table 4.3: Linear Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 68
Table 4.4: Linear Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption (High) 70
Table 4.5: Linear Models for Subset of Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption (High) 72
Table 4.6: Linear Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption (High) 73
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 75
REFERENCES 80
APPENDIX 86
Table 2.3: Logit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Female Signatories 86
Table 2.4: Logit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Female Signatories 86
Table 2.5: Probit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Female Signatories 87
Table 2.6: Probit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Female Signatories 87
Table 3.5: Probit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Gender Provisions 88
Table 3.6: Probit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Gender Provisions 88
Table 3.7: Probit Models for Female Combatant Presence and Any Gender Provisions 89
Table 3.8: Probit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Any Gender Provisions 89
Table 4.7: Logit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 90
Table 4.8: Logit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption High 90
Table 4.9: Probit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 90
Table 4.10: Probit Models for Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption High 90
Table 4.11: Linear Models for Subset of Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption 91
Table 4.12: Linear Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 91
Table 4.13: Logit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption (High) 92
Table 4.14: Logit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 93
Table 4.15: Logit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption High 94
Table 4.16: Probit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Presence and Quota Adoption 95
(High) 95
Table 4.17: Probit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption 96
Table 4.18: Probit Models for Subset of Female Combatant Prevalence and Quota Adoption High 97
CODEBOOK 98
About this Honors Thesis
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