Vaccines, Vaccination, and Vaccine-preventable Diseases in Humanitarian Settings, 2022 Pubblico
Haji Said, Ahmed (Spring 2022)
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccines and vaccination are fundamental to prevent significant morbidity and mortality and protect vulnerable populations from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs). Communities in these settings are at heightened risk for infectious disease transmission due to crowded conditions with inadequate shelter; poor water, sanitation, and hygiene; and limited access to healthcare services. Numerous VPDs elimination and eradication efforts exist globally; for the systematic review, I focused on VPDs in CHEs published extensively including cholera, measles, meningitis, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and hepatitis A.
Methods: Literature on VPDs, vaccine hesitancy, and promising practices for future immunization delivery in complex humanitarian emergencies were searched using four electronic databases (PubMed™, Embase™, Web of Science™, and the grey literature). Abstracts from Jan 1, 2022, to Mar 1, 2022, were reviewed in contrast to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. All citations were managed and exported to EndNote X9®, where duplicates were removed.
Results: A total of 936 articles met the criteria to be reviewed once all duplicates were removed. Of those, 124 qualified for full-text review, 60 articles were not eligible, and a cumulative of 64 articles were eligible to be included. Research articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded because they did not examine a VPD or did not discuss the research population.
Discussion: VPDs persist in humanitarian and fragile settings due to low levels of immunity and challenges with reaching vulnerable populations. According to the literature, efforts must be made to reach these communities, and substantial funding is needed to understand vaccine hesitancy in CHEs. This is important because the views, concerns, and underlying barriers of individuals, communities, and groups are critical to addressing and improving vaccine uptake.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 1
Definition of terms ............................................................................................................ 1
Background and significance .............................................................................................. 2
Rationale and objectives .................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2. Literature Review .............................................................................................. 5
Cholera ............................................................................................................................ 6
Measles ............................................................................................................................ 8
Meningitis ....................................................................................................................... 11
Yellow Fever .................................................................................................................... 13
Hepatitis A ...................................................................................................................... 14
Poliomyelitis ................................................................................................................... 15
Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus .................................................................................... 17
Vaccine Hesitancy ............................................................................................................ 19
Chapter 3. Methods .......................................................................................................... 21
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21
Search Strategy ................................................................................................................ 21
Inclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................. 22
Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 4. Results ............................................................................................................. 24
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 24
Description of Eligible Literature ........................................................................................ 25
Immunization coverage ...................................................................................................... 25
Recommendation for future delivery ................................................................................... 26
Chapter 5. Discussion, Limitations, and Recommendations ................................................... 28
Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 28
Strengths ........................................................................................................................... 28
Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 29
Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 29
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 31
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