How to Ask a Question in the Space of Reasons Öffentlichkeit
Millson, Jared Alan (2014)
Published
Abstract
Robert Brandom's normative-pragmatic theory is intended to represent the
minimal set of practical abilities whose exhibition qualifies creatures as speaking
a language. His model of a minimally discursive practice (MDP) is one in which
participants, devoid of logical vocabulary, are only capable of making assertions
and drawing inferences. This dissertation argues that Brandom's purely assertional
practices are not MDPs and that speech acts of asking questions (queries)
must be included in any practice that counts as an MDP. I propose several novel
alternations to Brandom's deontic scorekeeping model of discourse, which I then
utilize to generate a normative-pragmatic analysis of inquisitive practices. This
analysis supports the claim that agents who can assert need to be able to ask
questions and vice versa. The upshot is that intentionality belongs to those who
can ask and answer questions.
Table of Contents
1 Meaning, Use, and Questions 1 1.1 Representation v.s. Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Two Models of Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Cashing Out Metaphors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 The Space of Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1 Wilfrid Sellars' Normative Pragmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 Robert Brandom: Pragmatism's Thermidor . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2.3 Primitive Language Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3 The Fate of Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.1 An Ancient Prejudice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.2 Forgetting the Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.3.3 The Rise of Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.4 Toward a Normative Pragmatics of Questions and Answers . . . . . 34 2 Stalemate in the Space of Reasons 41 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2 The Game of Giving and Asking for Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.2.1 Three Kinds of Pragmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.2.2 Normative Pragmatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.2.3 Deontic Scorekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3 Are Assertions Enough to Play the Game? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.3.1 The Problem of Justificatory Stalemate . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.3.2 Responses to the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.4 Assertional Fundamentalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3 Questions, Queries, and the Force-Content Distinction 83 3.1 Queries and their Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.1.1 Auxiliary Speech Acts in Minimally Discursive Practices . . 83 3.1.2 The Traditional Force-Content Distinction . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.2 Searle's Theory of Speech Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.2.1 The Bipartitional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.2.2 Searle's Classificatory Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.3 Queries in Searle's Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.3.1 The Failure of the Bipartitional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.3.2 Queries v.s. Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.4 What is the Content of Queries? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4 Queries in the Expanded Space of Reasons 126 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.2 The Pragmatic Topography of the Space of Reasons . . . . . . . . . 129 4.2.1 Normative Functions and the Classification of Speech Acts . 129 4.2.2 The Epistemic Responsibility of Asserting . . . . . . . . . . 134 4.2.3 Pragmatic Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.2.4 The Pragmatics of Defiance and the Typology of Second- Personal Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.3 The Normative Function of Queries and their Typology . . . . . . . 147 4.3.1 The Telos of Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.3.2 The Space of Possible Responses to Queries . . . . . . . . . 151 4.3.3 When a Request is not a Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.3.4 Queries, Commands, and Epistemic Responsibility . . . . . . 160 4.3.5 The Normative Scope of Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 5 Asking for Reasons 171 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 5.2 Assertion, Commitment, and Epistemic Responsibility . . . . . . . 174 5.2.1 Duty to Justify and Duty to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.2.2 Commitment to Assert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.2.3 Assertion, Repeated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.2.4 Targeting and Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 5.3 Minimally Inquisitive Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 5.3.1 Back to the (Small) Space of Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 5.3.2 Addressing: The Third Deontic Attitude . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.3.3 Erotetic and Apokritic Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 5.3.4 The Complex Act of Querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 5.3.5 Erotetic and Apokritic Entitlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 5.3.6 Erotetic and Apokritic Attitude-Ascriptions . . . . . . . . . 209 5.4 The Assertional-Inquisitive Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 5.4.1 Making an Assertion in an Inquisitive Practice . . . . . . . . 214 5.4.2 The Normative Structure of Reason-Seeking Queries . . . . . 217 5.4.3 Reason-Seeking Queries as Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.4.4 Reason-Seeking Queries in Ordinary Discourse . . . . . . . . 223 5.5 Justificatory Stalemate Averted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 6 A Formal Theory of Queries and the Prospects for Interrogative Inferentialism 233 6.1 The Inquisitive Shape of MDPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 6.2 Inferentialism for Interrogatives? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 6.3 A Formal Pragmatics of Minimally Inquisitive Practices . . . . . . . 239 6.4 From the Formal Pragmatics of Queries to the Semantics of Interrogatives. . . . 250 References 253
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