Chlamydia Surveillance in the United States: New Analytic Approaches and Alternate Considerations for Monitoring Trends in Disease Burden Public
Satterwhite, Catherine Lindsey (2011)
Published
Abstract
Over 1.2 million cases of chlamydia were reported in the U.S. in
2009. Chlamydia may
lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and
infertility. Annual
screening is recommended for sexually active women aged <25
years. Reported case
rates have increased likely due to increased screening and improved
test technology.
Other data suggest prevalence has decreased. Studies in this
dissertation explored new
analytic approaches to enhance the utility of U.S. chlamydia
surveillance data.
Using data from the Infertility Prevention Project (IPP), a
national chlamydia screening
program, chlamydia positivity trends among women aged 15-24 years
were assessed in
two settings: family planning clinics (2004-2008) and prenatal
clinics (2004-2009).
Women seeking prenatal care are routinely screened and less
influenced by health care
seeking behaviors. After evaluating the linearity of year, a
multivariate, correlated,
longitudinal data analysis with a random intercept was conducted
using the clinic as the
unit of analysis and treating year as continuous. The odds ratio
(OR) associated with a
single year change (1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99, 1.00)
suggested that
positivity did not change from 2004-2008 in family planning
clinics. In prenatal clinics,
positivity decreased from 2004-2009 (OR: 0.93 per year, 95% CI:
0.92, 0.95). A survey
assessing chlamydia screening practices in prenatal clinics was
also conducted. Of the
166 clinics completing the survey, 163 (98.2%) had documented
chlamydia screening
criteria.
Because the purpose of chlamydia screening is to prevent adverse
reproductive outcomes,
data from 2 large health maintenance organizations, Group Health
Cooperative (GH) and
Kaiser Permanente Colorado (KPCO), were analyzed to develop a PID
case-finding
algorithm. A classification and regression tree analysis identified
2 main predictors
beyond ICD-9 codes: PID-specific treatment and age 15-25 years.
When using ICD-9
codes alone to identify PID cases, the positive predictive value
(PPV) was 78.8% in GH
and 79.1% in KPCO. Algorithm PPV improved to 86.9% and 84.5%,
respectively.
Findings support previous analyses suggesting that chlamydia
prevalence is not
increasing and may be decreasing. Maximizing the utility of
administrative data by
examining the privately insured prenatal population and monitoring
adverse outcomes
can improve surveillance around this important public health
issue.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1---Overview and Rationale
6---Chapter 1: Background
23---Chapter 2: How can family planning data from the
Infertility Prevention
Project, a national chlamydia screening program, be better
used
to monitor trends in chlamydial infections?
44---Chapter 3: Is the prenatal population an alternate
population for monitoring
chlamydia trends?
69---Chapter 4: How can administrative data be better used to
detect PID cases,
an important adverse outcome of untreated chlamydial
infections?
89---Chapter 5: Discussion and Summary
96---References
102---Appendices
About this Dissertation
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