Heterogeneity in Pulmonary Response to a Prescribed Commute Öffentlichkeit
Yngve, Leah (2014)
Published
Abstract
Introduction: Many people are subjected to daily exposures of
vehicle-related air pollution while commuting to work or otherwise.
While studies have demonstrated that pulmonary inflammation is
associated with exposure to vehicle-related air pollution,
variations in response due to demographic characteristics,
geographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and ambient
pollution have scarcely been studied previously.
Methods: 42 study participants were recruited to participate in two
2-hour scripted commutes in Atlanta, GA between the hours of 7am
and 9am. Sub-clinical health measurements assessing pulmonary
inflammation, lung function, and cardiovascular function were
recorded immediately before the commute, directly after the
commute, and every hour for 3 hours following the commute. The
estimated change in exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), an indicator of
pulmonary inflammation, following the commute was assessed
individually and by various demographic, geographic, lifestyle, and
ambient pollution factors to examine heterogeneity in pulmonary
response to a commute.
Results: Exhaled nitric oxide was significantly elevated from the
baseline measurement for all measurements taken following the
commute. The response was not significantly different between any
of the variables examined except for the distance participants
traveled to the study site. At the last time point taken 4 hours
after the commute, the change in eNO was significantly different
(p=0.0229) with a greater response in participants that traveled
less than participants that traveled more prior to the study
commute.
Conclusions: Across differences in physical and environmental
characteristics, study participants displayed sub-clinical
increases in pulmonary inflammation following a commute exposure.
These results demonstrate one effect of vehicle-related air
pollution that a large portion of the population is exposed to and
suggest factors that may influence a difference in
response.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION: 1
METHODS: 4
STUDY DESIGN 4
HEALTH MEASUREMENTS AND PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS 4
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 6
EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS 6
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 8
RESULTS: 10
STRATIFIED AND INTERACTION RESULTS 10
Age 11
Sex 11
Weight Status 11
Race 12
Physical Activity 12
Highway/Major Road Exposure 12
Commute Mode 13
Distance to Study Site 13
Average Daily Minutes Spent Commuting 13
Previous 24 Hours Average Ambient PM2.5 14
Previous 24 Hours Average Ambient O3 14
Concurrent 2-Hour Average Ambient PM2.5 14
Concurrent 2-Hour Average Ambient O3 15
DISCUSSION: 15
STRATIFIED MODELS 16
Physical Characteristics 16
Lifestyle Characteristics 16
Ambient Pollution 19
KEY FINDINGS 20
STRENGTHS 23
LIMITATIONS 23
IMPLICATIONS 24
CONCLUSIONS 25
REFERENCES 26
TABLE 1. BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS: 29
TABLE 2. EFFECT ESTIMATES FOR THE CHANGE IN EXHALED NITRIC OXIDE
(ENO) FROM BASELINE UNSTRATIFIED AND STRATIFIED BY INCREASING
DISTANCE TO STUDY SITE: 30
TABLE 3. RESULTS OF P-VALUES FROM INTERACTION MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS WITH COMMUTE NUMBER AND POST-COMMUTE TIME POINTS:
31
FIGURE 1. PERCENT CHANGE IN EXHALED NITRIC OXIDE FROM BASELINE
LEVELS FOR ALL COMMUTES: 32
FIGURE 2. PERCENT CHANGE IN EXHALED NITRIC OXIDE FROM BASELINE BY
DISTANCE TO STUDY SITE TERTILES: 32
FIGURE 3. PERCENT CHANGE IN ENO: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PERCENT
CHANGE IN ENO FROM THE UNSTRATIFIED MODEL AND THE CORRESPONDING
PERCENT CHANGE IN THE STRATIFIED MODELS
A. IMMEDIATELY POST-COMMUTE: 33
B. 1-HOUR AFTER THE COMMUTE: 34
C. 2-HOURS AFTER THE COMMUTE: 35
D. 3-HOURS AFTER THE COMMUTE: 36
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