Neural Basis and Development of Relational Memory in Primates Öffentlichkeit
Blue, Shala Natasha (2013)
Abstract
The current literature on the development of relational memory (i.e., memory for object-location and object-context relations) suggest these abilities improve with age during early and middle childhood which may coincide with maturational changes in the medial temporal lobe. Furthermore, previous studies in human and non-human primates indicate impairments in memory for object-location and object-context relations following damage to or transient inactivation of structures within the medial temporal lobe (i.e., specifically to the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex) in adulthood. However, primate studies of the effects of early selective damage to medial temporal lobe areas are few and inconclusive. Due to the paucity of information regarding the development of relational memory abilities across primate species and the development of underlying neural substrates, two separate studies using modified versions of the preferential looking task were conducted to measure the development of object-location and object-context relations. In the first study, children and adults viewed visual stimuli using an eye tracker and their propensity to attend to changes in the stimuli was measured. Findings suggest differences in both object-location and object-context relations as a function of age. Four-year-olds had considerable difficulty detecting object-location changes but not object changes, whereas 8-year-olds exhibited less difficulty detecting these changes. In addition, we observed differences in performance between male and female adults in the object-location condition, which support the literature on gender differences in object-location memory. In a second study, subjects were monkeys with neonatal perirhinal cortex lesions and sham-operations that were tested longitudinally. All animals, irrespective of lesion, had difficulty detecting changes in object-location relations even at 36 months of age but could readily detect object changes at all ages tested. These findings suggest a delayed maturation of memory for object-location relations and an early emergence of object memory. However, this research could not provide clear evidence for the role of the perirhinal cortex in the development of relational memory. Overall, the findings in humans and non-human primates suggest a long developmental time course for relational memory abilities across species.
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NEURAL BASIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONAL MEMORY
Chapter 1: General
Introduction.....................................................1
Defining Relational
Memory..............................................................2
Relational Processes in Declarative
Memory........................................4
What Constitute
Relations?...............................................................5
Relational Processes Across
Species...................................................5
Development of Co-Occurring
Relations..............................................6
Assessing Relational Memory in
Development......................................9
Medial Temporal Lobe and Relational
Memory.....................................13
Importance of Hippocampus in Relational
Memory...............................14
Extra-Hippocampal Areas and Relational
Memory................................15
Importance of Perirhinal Cortex in Object-Location
Memory...................17
Amnesic Patients and Animal
Lesions.................................................18
Neuroanatomical Development in Humans and
Non-Humans..................20
Neuroanatomical Development of
MTL...............................................22
Developmental
Amnesia..................................................................24
Rationale for Current
Study.............................................................26
Hypotheses...................................................................................29
Chapter 2: Development of Relational Memory in
Humans...............30
Development of Relational
Memory...................................................30
Spatial Relations: Object-Location
Memory.........................................32
Can Scene Improve Memory for Object-Location
Relations....................33
Object-Context
Relations.................................................................35
Method........................................................................................38
Participants..................................................................................38
Materials.....................................................................................39
Stimuli........................................................................................39
Apparatus....................................................................................39
Preferential Looking
Task................................................................40
Procedures...................................................................................41
Calibration...................................................................................41
Stimulus
Presentation....................................................................42
Task Parameters and Statistical
Analysis...........................................42
Experiment 1: Object-Location Relations (Importance of
Background).....43
Object-Location (No
Background).....................................................43
Object-in-Place.............................................................................44
Object-Control..............................................................................44
Object-Location
(Scene).................................................................44
Object
Rearrangement...................................................................45
Object
Replacement.......................................................................45
Preliminary
Analyses.....................................................................45
Experiment 1:
Results....................................................................46
Object-Location (No
Background).....................................................46
Novelty
Preference........................................................................47
Object-in-Place.............................................................................47
Object-Control..............................................................................49
Object-in-Place/Object-Control
Analyses............................................49
Object-Location
(Scene)..................................................................49
Novelty
Preference........................................................................49
Object
Rearrangement....................................................................50
Object
Replacement.......................................................................50
Object Rearrangement/Object Replacement
Analyses...........................50
Experiment 1:
Summary.................................................................51
Experiment 2: Object-Context
Relations.............................................52
Experimental
Condition...................................................................53
Control
Conditions..........................................................................53
Experiment 2:
Results....................................................................54
Object-Context
Relations.................................................................54
Novelty
Preference........................................................................54
Experiment 2:
Summary.................................................................55
Chapter
Discussion........................................................................56
Object-Location Relations (No
Background)........................................56
Do Scenes Facilitate Object-Location
Memory?....................................59
Scenes in Object
Memory................................................................60
Scenes in Object-Location
Memory....................................................61
Object-Context
Relations.................................................................61
Conclusion....................................................................................66
Chapter 3: Does Damage to the Perirhinal Cortex Impact the
Development of Relational Memory Abilities in
Monkeys?.................67
Importance of MTL in Relational
Memory............................................68
Perirhinal Cortex and Relational
Memory............................................68
Relational Memory and
Development.................................................70
Method.........................................................................................72
Subjects........................................................................................72
MRI-Guided Surgical Procedure and Lesion
Verification..........................73
Calculating Injection Site
Coordinates.................................................74
Lesion
Surgery...............................................................................74
Sham
Surgery................................................................................75
Post-Surgical
Treatment...................................................................75
Post-Surgical Scans and Lesion
Verification.........................................75
Materials.......................................................................................76
Stimuli..........................................................................................76
Apparatus......................................................................................76
Conditions.....................................................................................77
Basic VPC
Task...............................................................................77
VPC-Spatial-Location
Task................................................................78
VPC-Object-in-Place
Task.................................................................78
VPC-Object-Control
Task..................................................................78
VPC
Coding....................................................................................79
Task Parameters and Statistical
Analyses............................................80
Behavioral
Parameters.....................................................................80
Familiarization and Looking Time
Analyses..........................................81
Novelty Preference
Analyses.............................................................81
Results..........................................................................................82
Preliminary
Analyses.......................................................................82
Viewing
Parameters........................................................................82
Familiarization
Time.......................................................................82
Total Looking
Time.........................................................................83
Percent Looking at
Novel.................................................................83
Development of Spatial
Memory.......................................................84
VPC-Spatial-Location.......................................................................84
VPC-Object-in-Place........................................................................85
Development of Object Recognition
Memory........................................85
VPC-Object-Control.........................................................................86
VPC-Object-in-Place/VPC-Object-Control
Comparison.............................86
Extent of Lesion
Analysis..................................................................87
Chapter
Discussion..........................................................................87
Relational Memory
Development.......................................................88
Medial Temporal Lobe and Development of Relational
Memory................88
Perirhinal Cortex and Object-Location
Relation.....................................92
Object Recognition
Memory..............................................................93
Importance of Postnatal
Development................................................95
Conclusion.....................................................................................96
Chapter 4: General
Discussion.......................................................97
Object-Location
Relations.................................................................97
Potential Differences in
Processing.....................................................98
Object-Context
Relations.................................................................100
Eye Movements and
Processing........................................................101
Early MTL Damage and Relational
Memory.........................................102
Conclusion...................................................................................104
References.................................................................................105
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Average Familiarization Times across
Tasks...........................133
Table 2: Average Total Looking Times across
Tasks.............................134
Table 3: Familiarization Time by Task, Group, and
Age........................135
Table 4: Total Looking Time by Task, Group, and
Age..........................136
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Example of Stimuli Used For Preferential Looking
Paradigm.....137
Figure 2: Eye Tracker
Setup............................................................138
Figure 3: Schematic Representation of Task
Sequence.........................139
Figure 4: Calibration
Sequence........................................................140
Figure 5: Object-Location (No Background) Stimulus
Presentation..........141
Figure 6: Object-Location (Scene) Stimulus
Presentation......................142
Figure 7: Calculating Novelty
Preference...........................................143
Figure 8: Object-Location (No Background): Mean Novel Image
Preference.145
Figure 9: Object-Location (No Background): Mean Novel Object
Preference.147
Figure 10: Object-Location (Scene): Mean Novel Object
Preference.........149
Figure 11: Object-Context Relations Stimulus
Presentation.....................150
Figure 12: Object-Context: Chance for Novel Image
Preference..............152
Figure 13: Object-Context Relations: Mean Novel Image
Preference........153
Figure 14: Representative Case of Perirhinal Cortex
Lesion...................154
Figure 15: VPC-Spatial-Location Stimulus
Presentation.........................156
Figure 16: VPC-Object-in-Place/Object-Control Stimulus
Presentation......157
Figure 17: VPC
Tasks.....................................................................158
Figure 18: VPC-Spatial-Location: Mean %
Novel..................................160
Figure 19: VPC-Object-in-Place: Mean %
Novel...................................161
Figure 20: VPC-Object-Control: Mean %
Novel....................................162
Figure 21: VPC-Object-in-Place/Object-Control
Analysis........................163
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