The Relationship Between Income and Depression Severity in 12 Developing Countries 公开
Nicholas, Frances Lauren (2011)
Published
Abstract
Abstract
The Relationship Between Income and Depression Severity in 12
Developing Countries
By Frances Nicholas
Mental health is an issue that has been gaining increasing
attention on global agendas in the last
decade or so. However, studies from developing countries on the
depression-income relationship
are limited, primarily due to lack of data. This paper uses
nationally representative, individual-
level data from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Health
Surveys (WHS) on the
adult population of 12 develoing countries to explore this
relationship at a variety of income and
depression levels. To control for potential reverse causality, two
stage least squares (TSLS) and
instrumental variable (IV) methods are used. My analysis reveals
that income and depression
have a significant inverse relationship in the low-income
developing countries and below the
median income level in the middle-income developing countries. For
the lowest income bracket,
the depression-income relationship is large and gets increasingly
smaller until a threshold income
level. Above this point, income is an insignificant determinant of
depression. Because my results
find those under the median income to be the most severely affected
by the income-depression
relationship, I argue that policies aimed at raising the incomes of
the extreme poor would have
the largest impact on reducing depression severity. This analysis
reveals that there does appear to
be a relationship between income and depression in the developing
world, and that this
relationship seems to vary based on income and development
level.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Literature Review 4
Data 7
Methods
I. Measurement of Depression 18
II. Ordinary Least Squares 19
III. Instrumental Variables 20
Results
I. Low-income Developing Countries 24
II. Middle-income Developing Countries 29
II. High-income Developing Countries 32
Conclusion 37
References 43
Appendix 46
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