24-hour movement behaviors among US adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis using time diary data Público
Behringer, Hannah (Spring 2022)
Published
Abstract
Background:
The benefits of physical activity (PA) during adolescence are well-documented, and sedentary behavior (SB) has been established as a risk factor independent of PA. In the context of the movement continuum, this study aims to characterize and evaluate correlates of activity patterns from sleep to moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Durations of activity types within movement categories were also examined.
Methods:
Time diary data from 631 adolescents (10-18 years of age) participating in the 2014 Child Development Supplement wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used. Participants completed open-ended, 24-hour time-use surveys for one weekday and weekend day. Activities were categorized into groups, and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values were assigned to each group, informing assignment to SB, light physical activity (LPA), or MVPA. Total daily energy expenditures (TDEE) and durations of each activity category were calculated. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between demographic characteristics and movement behaviors.
Results:
Average TDEE was 1423 MET-minutes for weekday and 1457 for weekend days, and MVPA levels were 69 and 139 minutes, respectively. Durations of SB were 677 minutes for weekday and 466 for weekend data. Significant gender differences were limited for broad movement categories, but girls spent more time lying (20 vs. 8 minutes for weekday). Boys consistently reported more time playing computer games (16 vs. 68 minutes for weekday) and sports/games (11 vs. 29 minutes for weekday). Differences by age group were observed for sleep and SB, and lower activity levels were observed among Black adolescents, particularly girls. There were also gender differences in the directions of associations of both income and weight with activity levels.
Conclusions:
Overall, 24-hour movement behaviors among US adolescents aligned with guidelines, but disparities were present, including lower activity levels among Black adolescents. Gender and age differences in duration of types of activities such as sports and computer games suggest variation in how activity duration is accumulated. Future research is needed to clarify these associations, which may inform development of targeted interventions for reducing SB and increasing PA, such as addressing barriers to sports participation among girls.
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Study Objectives and Significance 3
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
Movement Continuum 4
Importance of Physical Activity 4
Physical Health 4
Mental Health 6
Health Implications of Sedentary Behavior 8
Adolescent Activity Patterns in the United States 9
Current Guidelines and Adherence 9
Temporal trends 10
Age 11
Gender 12
Race and Ethnicity 13
Socioeconomic Status 13
Weight and Weight Perception 14
Other Factors 15
Measuring Physical Activity 16
Objective Methods 16
Self-report and Observational Methods 18
Utility and Benefits of Time-Use Surveys 20
Metabolic Equivalent of Task 21
Conceptual Framework 21
Activity Among US Adolescents 21
Factors Influencing Adolescent Physical Activity Levels 22
Study Objectives 24
Visual Representation of Conceptual Framework 24
III. METHODS 25
Data 25
Data Source and Study Population 25
Data Collection 26
Variables 27
Demographics 27
Time Diaries 29
Data Preparation and Cleaning 29
Analytic Sample 29
Activity Classification and MET assignment 30
Statistical Analyses 31
Descriptive Statistics 31
Analyses of Movement Patterns 31
IV. RESULTS 33
Descriptive Statistics 33
Movement Patterns 33
Total Daily Energy Expenditure 33
Sleep 34
Sedentary Time 35
Light Physical Activity 36
Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity 36
Stratified Analyses 38
Total Daily Energy Expenditure 38
Sleep Duration 38
Sedentary Time 39
Light Physical Activity Duration 39
Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Duration 40
V. DISCUSSION 41
Main Findings 41
Limitations and Future Directions 46
Strengths 47
Conclusions & Public Health Implications 48
VI. REFERENCES 50
VII. TABLES & FIGURES 57
Table 1. Weighted characteristics of US adolescents 57
Table 2. Mean total daily energy expenditure (MET-min) and duration of daily weekday and weekend activities (min/day) among US adolescents 58
Figures 1 and 2. Average 24-hour activity behavior composition of US adolescents 58
Table 3. Mean total daily energy expenditure (MET-min) and duration of weekday activities (min/day) among US adolescents by gender 59
Table 4. Mean total daily energy expenditure (MET-min) and duration of weekday activities (min/day) among US adolescents by age group 60
Tables 5-9. Correlates of mean weekday and weekend activity categories among US adolescents 61
Tables 10-14. Correlates of mean weekday and weekend activity categories among US adolescents, stratified by gender 66
APPENDIX 71
Table A1. Unweighted characteristics 71
Table A2. Weighted characteristics by gender and age 73
Table A3. Correlates of mean weekday and weekend travel time 75
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