Regulation of ciliary dynein by the axonemal protein kinase CK1 Öffentlichkeit
Gokhale, Avanti S (2009)
Abstract
Regulation of ciliary dynein by the axonemal protein kinase
CK1
By Avanti Gokhale
Cilia are highly conserved organelles that play essential motile
and sensory roles
required for normal development and function of most organs in the
adult. The goal of
my work is to study mechanisms that regulate dynein motor activity
and control
ciliary/flagellar motility. Genetic and functional studies revealed
ciliary dynein is
regulated by phosphorylation, and that a CK1-like kinase is located
in the axoneme and
thought to phosphorylate the intermediate chain IC138 of the inner
dynein arm isoform
I1. I postulated that CK1 is targeted and anchored on the outer
doublet microtubules, near
I1 dynein, to regulate dynein-driven microtubule sliding and
control ciliary movement.
To test this, I cloned and characterized the axonemal CK1 in
Chlamydomonas, and
confirmed it is a highly conserved member of the CK1 family of
kinases. Analysis of
ciliary structural mutants and immunofluorescence analysis revealed
that CK1 is
anchored on the outer doublet microtubules, along the entire length
of the axonemes.
Consistent with this localization, chemical crosslinking in
axonemes revealed that CK1
directly interacts with tubulin.
To study the physiologocial role of axonemal CK1, I took advantage
of an in vitro
microtubule sliding assay to measure dynein activity in mutant
axonemes lacking the
radial spoke structures ( pf17). Importantly, in absence of
the radial spokes, axonemal
CK1 activity is misregulated resulting in global inhibition of
dynein-driven microtubule
sliding. Consistent with this conclusion, CK1 inhibitors rescued
dynein activity in pf17
axonemes. Using a novel
approach, to produce CK1-depleted axonemes, I tested the idea
that removal of CK1 would restore dynein activity. As predicted,
CK1 depletion restored
dynein-driven microtubule sliding, mimicking the effect of CK1
inhibitors. Using a
purified, recombinant CK1, I reconstituted the CK1-depleted
pf17 axonemes and restored
inhibition of dynein activity, in a CK1 kinase-inhibitor sensitive
manner. Furthermore,
reconstitution of CK1-depleted axonemes with a purified,
recombinant "kinase-dead"
CK1 did not restore the inhibition of dynein activity. These
results demonstrated that
CK1 kinase activity is required for regulation of dynein-driven
microtubule sliding.
This work addresses fundamental aspects of signal transduction and
regulation of
dynein motors in cilia. The data are consistent with the model that
CK1 is a structural
component of the axoneme, localized on the outer doublet
microtubules in position to
regulate phosphorylation of IC138 and control microtubule sliding.
Additional
challenges include identifying the precise location of CK1 in the
axoneme and identifying
interacting proteins that anchor and localize CK1. One prediction
is that CK1 is located
adjacent to I1 dynein, anchored by a novel class of CK1-anchoring
proteins (CKAPs).
Further tests also include identification of key phosphorylated
residues in IC138 to
directly test how IC138 contributes to regulation of dynein
activity and ciliary motility.
Table of Contents
Table of contents: Chapter 1: Introduction 1 I. Overview and Significance 2 Significance 3 The experimental system 5 II. Structural and mechanism of motile cilia 9 Central pair apparatus 14 Radial spokes 15 Dynein regulatory complex 17 The dynein motors: each has a place; each has a purpose 18 Inner dynein arm 22 I1 dynein 23 A sliding microtubule, "switching" model for ciliary motility 28 III. Focus of this thesis 33 Figures and tables 40-66 Chapter 2: Cloning and characterization of the Chlamydomonas protein 67 kinase CK1 Introduction 68 Materials and methods 72 Results 80 Identification of axonemal CK1 80 Biochemical characterization of Chlamydomonas CK1 81 Localization of CK1 82 The Chlamydomonas pf27 is not defective in the CK1 gene and CK1 is fully assembled in pf27 axonemes 84 Discussion 86 Figures and tables 93-119 Chapter 3: Identification of CK1-interacting proteins in the axoneme 120 Introduction 121 Materials and methods 127 Results 132 CK1 directly interacts with tubulin 132 CK1 interacts with I1 proteins 134 Discussion 137 Figures 147-178 Chapter 4: Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by axonemal 179 kinase CK1 Introduction 180 Materials and methods 184 Results 187 Depletion of CK1 rescued microtubule sliding in RS mutant axonemes; rescue of microtubule sliding requires I1 dynein 187 Exogenous CK1 restores inhibition of microtubule sliding in a DRB/CK1-7 sensitive manner 188 CK1 kinase activity is required for inhibition of microtubule sliding 189 Discussion 190 Figures 194-207 Chapter 5: Significance of results and new questions 208 Summary and opportunities 209 Role of CK1 in normal, wild type ciliary motility 211 pf27 reveals a new regulatory pathway 215 Figures 218-229 References 230
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