Sanitation Insecurity: Definition, Measurement, and Associations with Women's Mental Health in Rural Orissa, India Öffentlichkeit
Caruso, Bethany (2015)
Abstract
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are critical for human health. Research on WASH and health to date has predominantly focused on infectious agents and resultant diseases, leaving other facets of health--such as mental health--underexplored. Qualitative investigations suggest that women experience assaults to their mental health due to poor sanitation conditions and the gendered sanitation behaviors they are expected to perform. No research has aimed to determine the association between women's sanitation-related experiences and their mental-health outcomes. The primary aims of this research were to (1) understand women's lived experiences of sanitation beyond access to a sanitation facility--their sanitation insecurity, (2) create a measure of sanitation insecurity, and (3) determine the association between sanitation insecurity and mental health among women at different life stages in rural Orissa, India. This mixed-methods investigation found that women have a myriad of concerns related to their urination, defecation, and menstrual management behaviors that vary by life stage; women face challenges performing sanitation-related behaviors despite access to a sanitation facility; and associations between women's sanitation insecurity and well-being, anxiety, depression, and distress exist.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
Dissertation Summary 1
Literature Review 3
1. Health and Gender Frameworks for Understanding WASH Impacts on Women 5
2. WASH, Gender, and Health 7
2a. Women face barriers to WASH resources and behaviors 7
2b. Women are WASH Duty-Bearers 10
2c. Women lack WASH Decision-Making Power 13
2d. Women-Specific WASH Needs Remain Under-explored 14
Research Gaps 16
References 18
CHAPTER 2: Understanding and Defining Sanitation Insecurity:
Women's Gendered Experiences of Urination, Defecation, and Menstrual Hygiene Management in Rural Odisha, India
Introduction 25
Methods 28
Results 32
Discussion 54
Tables and Figures 60
References 69
CHAPTER 3: Assessing Women's Experiences of Sanitation Insecurity:
The Development of a Novel Measure
Introduction 74
Methods 77
Results 88
Discussion 94
Tables and Figures 99
References 115
CHAPTER 4: The association between women's sanitation experiences and mental well being: A quantitative cross-sectional study in Rural, Odisha India
Introduction 121
Methods 123
Results 132
Discussion 136
Tables and Figures 145
References 155
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion 162
Summaries of three papers 163
Synthesis 169
Next Steps 171
Conclusion 175
References 177
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