Decrease in Bone Mineral Density during Pregnancy and Change in Maternal Blood Lead Levels Público
Jo, Heejoo (2012)
Published
Abstract
Abstract
Decrease in Bone Mineral Density during Pregnancy and Change in
Maternal Blood Lead
Levels
Prenatal exposure to lead has been associated with spontaneous
abortions, low birth
weight, and developmental delay. Lead stored in women's bones is
released into their
blood during pregnancy. Maternal blood lead can cross the placenta
and expose the
fetus. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between
change in bone
mineral density (BMD) and change in maternal blood lead levels
across pregnancy.
Additionally, this study evaluated whether the association between
changes in BMD
and blood lead is confounded by self-reported daily calcium intake.
This was a
prospective study of 100 women who received prenatal care during
the first 12 weeks
of pregnancy at Magee-Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
from October
1992 to February 1995. Change in maternal blood lead was calculated
using the
difference between blood lead levels (μg/dL) measured,
on average, at 17 and 37
weeks gestation. Change in BMD was calculated using the difference
between
measurements of the ultra-distal BMD at 16 and 36 weeks gestation.
Information
regarding sociodemographic and lifestyle factors was collected
during interviews
between 8 and 18 weeks gestation and again between 31 and 41 weeks
gestation. As
expected, maternal blood lead levels increased and ultra-distal BMD
decreased during
pregnancy. However, change in BMD was weakly associated with change
in maternal
blood lead levels during pregnancy (β = 0.33
μg/dL, 95% CI = -8.45, 7.80) in a linear
regression model adjusted for age, race, smoking, BMI, and calcium
intake. Change
in blood lead was higher among women whose calcium intake was
<1,000 mg/day
compared to 1,000-<2,000 mg/day. These findings suggest that the
observed increase
in maternal blood lead during pregnancy may not be predominantly
due to the
increased mobilization of bone lead as previously hypothesized.
Further research on
the mechanisms that contribute to increased maternal blood lead
during pregnancy is
needed.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter Page
I:
Background....................................................................................................................
1
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................
1
Lead................................................................................................................................
1
BMD
...............................................................................................................................
9
Conclusion
.......................................................................................................................
11
Table 1
............................................................................................................................
13
II: Decrease in Bone Mineral Density during Pregnancy and Change in
Maternal Blood
Lead Levels
......................................................................................................................
17
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................
18
Methods...........................................................................................................................
20
Results
............................................................................................................................
23
Discussion
........................................................................................................................
24
References
.......................................................................................................................
27
Table 1
............................................................................................................................
33
Table 2
............................................................................................................................
34
Table 3
............................................................................................................................
35
Figure
.............................................................................................................................
36
Appendix. IRB Letter of Exemption
........................................................................................
37
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