A Case Study of a Predominantly African American School District and Federally Mandated Education Reform, 2000-2010 公开
Croft, Sheryl Jones (2013)
Abstract
Abstract
A Case Study of a Predominantly African American School District and Federally Mandated Education Reform, 2000-2010
By Sheryl Jones Croft
Researchers who have critiqued federal reforms have used a top-down conceptual orientation to evaluate the success of reform (Brown & Clift, 2010; Darling-Hammond, 2010; Gray, 2005; Guisbond & Neill, 2004; Noguera, 2003; Payne, 2010; Rorrer & Skrla, 2005; Stringfield & Yakimowski-Srebnick, 2005; Theoharis, 2009). Frequently, a top-down assessment of reform fails to interrogate the agency of stakeholders. In contrast, this research used a "bottom-up" (Sabatier, 1986) conceptual orientation and Critical Race Theory to explore school reform from two vantage points. First, the study interrogated state and district level political responses to federally mandated reform initiatives. Second, this study explored school reform from the vantage point of six African American school leaders who served within the selected predominantly African American school district. Using No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Race to the Top as the federal mandates from 2000 to 2010, this case study relied on a review of newspaper articles, interviews with elite informants and interviews with principals, as well as ancillary data found in schools' Comprehensive School Improvement Plans (CSIP), to glean information about state-level implementation and its potential impact on reform for local school leaders. Specifically, this study explored the following questions:
1. What school reforms were initiated in Georgia from 2000 to 2010?
2. What explanations did stakeholders provide to explain state-sponsored reform initiatives?
3. How were these state mandates implemented in a local predominantly African American school district?
4. What were the responses of local school leaders to state and district reforms?
5. How did federal, state, and local interests converge or diverge?
Results indicate that there was no congruency between federal, state, and district level implementation of reform. Results also demonstrate that principals in this study did not make decisions about school needs based on mandated reform. Instead, they made reform decisions based upon what they believed was in the best interest of their schools.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Statement of Problem...1
Purpose...3
Research Questions...3
Significance...4
Conceptual Orientation...5
Definition of Terms...7
Chapter 2: Review of Literature...10
Critiques of Federal Mandates for Reform...10
Critiques of State-Related Implementation of Reform...17
Critiques of Local-Level Implementation of Reform...23
Chapter 3: Methodology...32
Data Collection...34
Data Analysis...40
Reliability and Validity...43
Generalizability...47
Researcher Perspective...47
Delimitation...47
Limitations...47
Chapter 4: Reforms in Georgia from 2000 to 2010...49
Educational Reform during the Governorship of Roy Barnes: 2000-2002...50
Educational Reform during the Governorship of Sonny Perdue's: 2002 - 2010...57
Summary of Governor Barnes's and Perdue's Legislation...80
Chapter 5: Explanations for State- Sponsored School Reform...85
Influence of Outside Organizations...86
Shift in Language to Convey Hidden Meanings...90
Elite Stake-holder Explanations of Georgia's Reform...94
Chapter 6: Ramifications of Federal, State and District Level Reform on the District Level...102
Overview of Conquest District...102
Implementation of State Mandates in a Local District...103
Principals' Response to Mandated Federal and District Reform...108
Principals' Response to the Unintended Consequences of Federal and State Reform...116
Convergence and Divergence of Federal, State, and Local Interests...122
Chapter 7: Discussion...135
Implications for Future Research...141
Implications for Practice and Policy...143
References...146
Appendices
Appendix A Sources for Review of Literature...166
Appendix B Summary of Legislative Acts during Perdue's Tenure...168
Appendix C Sample Interview Protocol for Elite Informant...177
Appendix D Interview Protocol for Key Informants...178
Appendix E Frequency of Perdue's Reform, 2003 - 2010...180
Appendix F Georgia Legislative Acts and Legislation Related to ALEC...182
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1 Chain of Evidence: Sources Related to State Level Education Reform...44
Figure 2 Chain of Evidence: Sources Related to Local Level School Reform...44
Figure 3 Types of Cuts during Perdue's Tenure...62
Figure 4 Timeline for Perdue's Reform Legislation...82
Table 1 Data Sources and Research Questions...45
Table 2 Perdue's Charter School Legislation...71
Table 3 Administrative Description of Principals in Conquest District...108
Table 4 Alignment of Federal, State and District Reform Measures...133
Table 5 Principals Perceptions of Impact of State and Federal Legislation on Schools...140
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