The role of HIV in the household introduction and transmission of influenza in an urban slum, Nairobi, Kenya, 2008-2011. 公开

Judd, Michael Christian (2013)

Permanent URL: https://etd.library.emory.edu/concern/etds/1r66j1815?locale=zh
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Abstract

Little is known about how HIV affects the transmission dynamics of influenza in sub- Saharan Africa. In this retrospective cohort study of 176 households with known HIV status in an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya, we used population-based household and clinic surveillance data gathered from 2008 through 2011 to examine the association between the HIV status of household members and their risk of introducing influenza to the home. We also examined the association between the HIV status of laboratory-confirmed influenza index cases in households and the risk of developing influenza-like illness (ILI) among their household contacts.

ILI in a household member was defined as reported or diagnosed cough or sore throat with fever ≥ 38.0°C. Persons with ILI seeking medical care at the local study clinic and consenting to provide nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested by real-time reverse transcription PCR for influenza infection. Log-binomial models using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for household clustering evaluated the association between laboratory-confirmed household influenza index case status among all household members and individual HIV status, as well as the association between secondary ILI status among household contacts and the HIV status of the household influenza index case.

We observed that HIV-positive individuals were not at an elevated risk for introducing influenza to their households, compared to HIV-negative individuals (Risk ratio (RR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.65 - 2.78). However, our results suggested that HIV- positive index cases were more likely to spread influenza in their households than HIV- negative index cases (RR, 2.36; 95%CI, 1.19 - 4.66), potentially implicating HIV-positive index cases as seeders of household influenza epidemics. Large sample size prospective studies measuring median CD4 counts and clinically confirming reported secondary ILI cases are needed to further evaluate the role of HIV in household influenza transmission. HIV-positive individuals should continue to be a priority for influenza vaccination in regions with high HIV seroprevalence.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW, 1

CHAPTER II: MANUSCRIPT, 9

ABSTRACT, 9

INTRODUCTION, 12

METHODS, 14

RESULTS, 22

DISCUSSION, 27

REFERENCES, 36

TABLES, 56

FIGURES, 60

CHAPTER III: PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS, 62

APPENDICES, 65

ETHICS STATEMENT, 65

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION, 67

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