% This file was created with JabRef 2.4.2. % Encoding: ISO8859_1 @ARTICLE{Alarcon2002, author = {Alarcon, G. S.}, title = {Is it fibromyalgia? Is it lupus? Too much or not enough: comments related to women referred to a tertiary care academic rheumatology research and treatment center}, journal = {Joint Bone Spine}, year = {2002}, volume = {69}, pages = {425-9}, number = {5}, note = {1297-319X (Print) Editorial}, keywords = {Adult Biomedical Research Female Fibromyalgia/*diagnosis/physiopathology Hospitals, University Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/physiopathology Middle Aged Rheumatology/*methods} } @BOOK{2001, title = {Primer on the rheumatic diseases}, publisher = {Arthritis Foundation}, year = {2001}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, edition = {12th}, note = {[edited by] John H. Klippel, MD ... [et al.]. cm.} } @ARTICLE{2004, title = {issue 13 -- comments on dermatologic criteria}, journal = {lupus}, year = {2004} } @ARTICLE{ACRcommittee2006, author = {ACRcommittee}, title = {comments on classification}, year = {2006} } @ARTICLE{Alarcon1999, author = {Alarcon, G. S. and Friedman, A. W. and Straaton, K. V. and Moulds, J. M. and Lisse, J. and Bastian, H. M. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Bartolucci, A. A. and Roseman, J. M. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: III. A comparison of characteristics early in the natural history of the LUMINA cohort. LUpus in MInority populations: NAture vs. Nurture}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1999}, volume = {8}, pages = {197-209}, number = {3}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {AIM: To determine and contrast the socioeconomic-demographic and clinical features of patients with recent onset (< or =5 y) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from three ethnic groups, Hispanic, African-American and Caucasian (H, AA, C). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: SLE cases (American College of Rheumatology criteria) (incident (n = 56), prevalent (n = 173)), were enrolled in a longitudinal study at The University of Alabama at Birmingham, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center and The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Socioeconomic-demographic, clinical, immunological, behavioral and psychological data were obtained using validated instruments and standard laboratory techniques, and compared. RESULTS: 70 H, 88 AA and 71 C SLE patients constitute this cohort. H and AA patients were younger and of lower socioeconomic-demographic status. They also had evidence of more frequent organ system involvement (renal, cardiovascular), more auto-antibodies, more active disease (after adjusting for discrepant socioeconomic-demographic features), lower levels of social support and more abnormal illness-related behaviors (more in H than in AA). H also were more likely to have an abrupt disease onset; C were more likely to be on antimalarials but less likely to be on corticosteroids. H, AA, and C used health care resources comparably. They had similar levels of pain and physical and mental functioning after adjusting for age, disease duration, income, education, social support, illness-related behaviors, and Systemic Lupus Activity Measure or SLAM scores. CONCLUSIONS: H and AA patients have more active SLE, at an earlier age of onset, and a less favorable socioeconomic-demographic structure (worse among the H than AA) which predispose them to a less favorable natural history.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult African Americans Age of Onset Aged Cohort Studies Comparative Study *Ethnic Groups European Continental Ancestry Group Female Hispanic Americans Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy/*etiology/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.} } @ARTICLE{Alarcon2001, author = {Alarcon, G. S. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Bastian, H. M. and Roseman, J. and Lisse, J. and Fessler, B. J. and Friedman, A. W. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VII [correction of VIII]. Predictors of early mortality in the LUMINA cohort. LUMINA Study Group}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2001}, volume = {45}, pages = {191-202}, number = {2}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the features associated with mortality in a multiethnic US cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) within 5 years of study onset. METHODS: Socioeconomic and demographic features (age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, occupation, poverty, and health-related behaviors [drinking, smoking, exercising]), clinical and immunologic features (disease duration, disease onset type, disease activity according to the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure [SLAM], disease damage according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics [SLICC] Damage Index [SDI], number of American College of Rheumatology criteria at diagnosis, organ system manifestations, fatigue and pain ratings, and medication usage and autoantibodies), immunogenetic features (HLA class II genotypes), and behavioral and psychosocial features (social support, illness-related behaviors, and helplessness), as obtained at enrollment into the study, were compared between survivors and deceased patients. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant independent risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: Within 5 years of study onset, 34 of 288 patients have died. Fourteen deaths could be directly attributed to SLE and 11 to infections. In 1 patient the cause of death could not be determined. In the remaining 8 patients the cause of death was neither infectious nor disease-related. There were 10 deaths among Hispanics, 18 among African Americans, and 6 among Caucasians (P < 0.05). Variables associated with mortality in the univariable analyses included poverty, less than full-time employment, difficulty in accessing health care, shorter disease duration, cardiovascular and renal involvement, higher serum creatinine levels and lower hematocrit values, higher SLAM and SDI scores, lower use of antimalarial drugs, and higher use of (some) immunosuppressants. Specific autoantibodies and class II HLA genotypes were not associated with mortality. Poverty and higher baseline SLAM and SDI scores were independently associated with mortality in the multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Disease activity, disease damage, and poverty appear to be the most important determinants of mortality in this multiethnic US cohort of SLE patients. These results have applicability to the management of patients with SLE, a disease that more severely affects disadvantaged minority population groups.}, keywords = {African Americans Alabama/epidemiology Cause of Death Cohort Studies European Continental Ancestry Group Female Hispanic Americans Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/ethnology/*mortality Male Multicenter Studies Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors Survival Rate Texas/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Alarcon2004, author = {Alarcon, G. S. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Roseman, J. M. and Uribe, A. and Fessler, B. J. and Bastian, H. M. and Friedman, A. W. and Baethge, B. and Vila, L. M. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XIX. Natural history of the accrual of the American College of Rheumatology criteria prior to the occurrence of criteria diagnosis}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {51}, pages = {609-15}, number = {4}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult *African Americans Cohort Studies *European Continental Ancestry Group Female Humans Longitudinal Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/*ethnology/therapy *Mexican Americans Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Puerto Rico/ethnology Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatology Texas/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Alarcon2004a, author = {Alarcon, G. S. and Roseman, J. M. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Uribe, A. and Bastian, H. M. and Fessler, B. J. and Baethge, B. A. and Friedman, A. W. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XX. Damage as a predictor of further damage}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2004}, volume = {43}, pages = {202-5}, number = {2}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of damage in a multiethnic cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with a specific focus on damage at baseline. Patients and METHODS: SLE patients from a multiethnic US (Hispanic, African-American and Caucasian) cohort (LUMINA: Lupus in Minority populations, Nature versus nurture) were included if they had > or =6 months of follow-up in the cohort. Damage was measured with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index (SDI). The dependent variable was the change in SDI score between study visits. Predictors were from the preceding visit. Variables known to affect damage accrual in SLE were included in the analyses. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty-two patients (82 Hispanics, 153 African-Americans and 117 Caucasians) representing 1795 patient visits were included. Previous damage was found to be a significant predictor of subsequent damage accrual (P < 0.0001). Other variables predictive of subsequent damage accrual were disease activity (P < 0.0001), older age (P = 0.041) and use of corticosteroids (P = 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS: Once damage occurs in SLE, further damage is expected to occur. This is more likely to be the case if disease activity persists. These data have clinical implications for the management of SLE patients.}, keywords = {Adult African Americans Cohort Studies Disease Progression European Continental Ancestry Group Female Hispanic Americans Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*ethnology/pathology Male Middle Aged Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index United States} } @ARTICLE{Alger1977, author = {Alger, M. and Alarcon-Segovia, D. and Rivero, S. J.}, title = {Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura: two related subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1977}, volume = {4}, pages = {351-7}, number = {4}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus patients who develop hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenic purpura differ from other lupus patients and are similar enough to be considered two related subsets with a more benign course. Thirty-one lupus patients with either or both these hemocytopenias were found to be significantly younger, more often males, and had less frequent fever, polyarthritis, serositis, cutaneous vasculitis, nephropathy, neurologic manifestations, and persistent hypocomplementemia than 62 lupus patients without any of these hemocytopenias. They also had lower index scores of overall disease severity and required less treatment. It seems important to subdivide lupus patients in subsets for therapeutic and prognostic purposes.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Anemia, Hemolytic/*etiology Female Humans Leukopenia/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications Male Purpura, Thrombocytopenic/*etiology Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Ali2005, author = {Ali, M. and Manolios, N.}, title = {Proteomics in rheumatology: a new direction for old diseases}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {67-76}, number = {2}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Completion of the human genome project has stimulated scientists to begin looking for the next step in unraveling normal and abnormal functions within biological systems. Consequently, there is new focus on the role of proteins in these processes. Proteomics is a rapidly growing field that may provide a valuable approach to evaluate the field of rheumatology. The objectives of this article is to provide an overview of biophysical techniques, as "re-invented" research tools, as applied to the investigation of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. METHODS: MEDLINE search of articles in English-language journals from 1966 to 2004. The index words "Rheumatoid/osteoarthritis/connective tissue disorders" and the following co-indexing terms were used: "mass spec," "NMR," "SPR" and "Proteomics." Papers identified were reviewed, abstracted, and summarized. The authors' own work in the field is also presented. RESULTS: As we move into the postgenomics era, new and exciting tools are being developed to study protein expression and protein interactions and identify new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Proteomics is an emerging field with widespread potential applications to rheumatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this review the biophysical techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and surface plasmon resonance as proteomic tools in the study of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis were reviewed. What is emerging is the identification of new biomarkers with clinical and therapeutic relevance.}, keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diagnosis/metabolism Humans Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods Proteins/*metabolism Proteomics/*methods Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retrospective Studies Rheumatology/*methods Spectrum Analysis, Mass/methods Surface Plasmon Resonance/methods} } @ARTICLE{Amital2006, author = {Amital, H. and Eric Gershwin, M. and Shoenfeld, Y.}, title = {Reshaping the mosaic of autoimmunity}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {35}, pages = {341-3}, number = {6}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Comment Editorial} } @ARTICLE{Anaya2006, author = {Anaya, J. M. and Castiblanco, J. and Tobon, G. J. and Garcia, J. and Abad, V. and Cuervo, H. and Velasquez, A. and Angel, I. D. and Vega, P. and Arango, A.}, title = {Familial clustering of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus}, journal = {J Autoimmun}, year = {2006}, volume = {26}, pages = {208-14}, number = {3}, note = {Rr03655/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural England}, keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics/*immunology Child Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*genetics/*immunology Female Humans Male Pedigree} } @ARTICLE{Anaya2006a, author = {Anaya, J. M. and Tobon, G. J. and Vega, P. and Castiblanco, J.}, title = {Autoimmune disease aggregation in families with primary Sjogren's syndrome}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2006}, volume = {33}, pages = {2227-34}, number = {11}, note = {Rr 03655/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Canada}, keywords = {Adult Aged Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics Case-Control Studies Colombia Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Male Middle Aged *Pedigree Phenotype Risk Factors Sjogren's Syndrome/*genetics} } @ARTICLE{Anderson2005, author = {Anderson, P. J.}, title = {Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: clinical implications of their different immunogenicity profiles}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {34}, pages = {19-22}, number = {5 Suppl1}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The beneficial effects of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies infliximab and adalimumab and the soluble receptor fusion protein etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and a variety of other inflammatory disorders have been well described. However, less is known about the propensity of these agents to stimulate the production of antibodies against themselves and the clinical implications of such immunogenicity. A better understanding of the differential immunogenicity of these agents may help explain certain phenomena that have been reported with clinical use of anti-TNF agents (eg, infusion reactions [all agents], the need for increasing doses with prolonged use [infliximab]). This review will discuss our current understanding of the diverse immunogenic profiles of currently marketed anti-TNF agents.}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*immunology Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology Antibody Formation Humans Immunoglobulin G/*immunology Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/*immunology Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors} } @INCOLLECTION{Arabie1996, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J.}, title = {An Overview of Combinatorial Data Analysis}, booktitle = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, editor = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, pages = {5-63}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996a, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996b, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996c, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996d, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996e, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996f, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @BOOK{Arabie1996g, title = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, author = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @ARTICLE{Arbuckle2003, author = {Arbuckle, M. R. and James, J. A. and Dennis, G. J. and Rubertone, M. V. and McClain, M. T. and Kim, X. R. and Harley, J. B.}, title = {Rapid clinical progression to diagnosis among African-American men with systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2003}, volume = {12}, pages = {99-106}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The initial clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is variable, ranging from relatively minor manifestations progressing over years to rapid onset of fulminate disease. We sought to identify factors associated with the rapid manifestation of SLE. Chart review of military medical records was used to identify 130 patients who met the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE. Demographics, clinical criteria date of occurrence, and the date of SLE classification (at least four clinical criteria) met were documented. Prospectively stored serum samples prior to the diagnosis were evaluated for SLE autoantibodies. Median time from the first recorded criteria to diagnosis was significantly shorter in African-American (AA) males compared with AA females and European American (EA) females and males combined. AA males were more likely to have nephritis as their first clinical symptom. Also, less time transpired between the first clinical criterion and SLE diagnosis in AA males with nephritis than in other groups presenting with nephritis. Even when cases presenting with nephritis were excluded, a diagnosis of SLE was made more rapidly in AA males. African-American men progress from initial clinical manifestations to SLE diagnosis more rapidly than other ethnic or gender groups.}, keywords = {African Continental Ancestry Group Cohort Studies Comparative Study Disease Progression Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology Lupus Nephritis/epidemiology/*etiology Male Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sex Factors Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Arbuckle2003a, author = {Arbuckle, M. R. and McClain, M. T. and Rubertone, M. V. and Scofield, R. H. and Dennis, G. J. and James, J. A. and Harley, J. B.}, title = {Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, year = {2003}, volume = {349}, pages = {1526-33}, number = {16}, note = {Ai24717/ai/niaid Ai31584/ai/niaid Ar01981/ar/niams Ar42460/ar/niams Ar45084/ar/niams Ar45231/ar/niams Ar48940/ar/niams Ar4904/ar/niams Rr14467/rr/ncrr Rr15577/rr/ncrr Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although much is known about the natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the development of SLE autoantibodies before the diagnosis of the disease has not been extensively explored. We investigated the onset and progression of autoantibody development before the clinical diagnosis. METHODS: The Department of Defense Serum Repository contains approximately 30 million specimens prospectively collected from more than 5 million U.S. Armed Forces personnel. We evaluated serum samples obtained from 130 persons before they received a diagnosis of SLE, along with samples from matched controls. RESULTS: In 115 of the 130 patients with SLE (88 percent), at least one SLE autoantibody tested was present before the diagnosis (up to 9.4 years earlier; mean, 3.3 years). Antinuclear antibodies were present in 78 percent (at a dilution of 1:120 or more), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in 55 percent, anti-Ro antibodies in 47 percent, anti-La antibodies in 34 percent, anti-Sm antibodies in 32 percent, anti-nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies in 26 percent, and antiphospholipid antibodies in 18 percent. Antinuclear, antiphospholipid antibodies, anti-Ro, and anti-La antibodies were present earlier than anti-Sm and anti-nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies (a mean of 3.4 years before the diagnosis vs. 1.2 years, P=0.005). Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, with a mean onset 2.2 years before the diagnosis, were found later than antinuclear antibodies (P=0.06) and earlier than anti-nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies (P=0.005). For many patients, the earliest available serum sample was positive; therefore, these measures of the average time from the first positive antibody test to the diagnosis are underestimates of the time from the development of antibodies to the diagnosis. Of the 130 initial matched controls, 3.8 percent were positive for one or more autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Autoantibodies are typically present many years before the diagnosis of SLE. Furthermore, the appearance of autoantibodies in patients with SLE tends to follow a predictable course, with a progressive accumulation of specific autoantibodies before the onset of SLE, while patients are still asymptomatic.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/*blood Autoantibodies/*blood/physiology Autoantigens DNA/immunology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*immunology Military Personnel Prospective Studies Ribonucleoproteins/immunology Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Asherson1991, author = {Asherson, R. A. and Cervera, R. and Lahita, R. G.}, title = {Latent, incomplete or lupus at all?}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1991}, volume = {18}, pages = {1783-6}, number = {12}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Editorial}, keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis Connective Tissue Diseases/diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Asherson2006, author = {Asherson, R. A. and Cervera, R. and Shepshelovich, D. and Shoenfeld, Y.}, title = {Nonthrombotic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome: away from thrombosis?}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2006}, volume = {33}, pages = {1038-44}, number = {6}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Editorial}, keywords = {Abortion, Habitual Adult Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*complications/pathology Female Heart Valve Diseases/complications/pathology Humans Lung Diseases/complications/pathology Nervous System Diseases/complications/pathology Osteonecrosis/complications/pathology Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic Skin Diseases/complications/pathology Thrombosis/complications/*etiology} } @ARTICLE{Bailey2006, author = {Bailey, R. L. and Gutschall, M. D. and Mitchell, D. C. and Miller, C. K. and Lawrence, F. R. and Smiciklas-Wright, H.}, title = {Comparative strategies for using cluster analysis to assess dietary patterns}, journal = {J Am Diet Assoc}, year = {2006}, volume = {106}, pages = {1194-200}, number = {8}, note = {0002-8223 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To characterize dietary patterns using two different cluster analysis strategies. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, diet information was assessed by five 24-hour recalls collected over 10 months. All foods were classified into 24 food subgroups. Demographic, health, and anthropometric data were collected via home visit. SUBJECTS: One hundred seventy-nine community-dwelling adults, aged 66 to 87 years, in rural Pennsylvania. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Cluster analysis was performed. RESULTS: The methods differed in the food subgroups that clustered together. Both methods produced clusters that had significant differences in overall diet quality as assessed by Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores. The clusters with higher HEI scores contained significantly higher amounts of most micronutrients. Both methods consistently clustered subgroups with high energy contribution (eg, fats and oils and dairy desserts) with a lower HEI score. Clusters resulting from the percent energy method were less likely to differentiate fruit and vegetable subgroups. The higher diet quality dietary pattern derived from the number of servings method resulted in more favorable weight status. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analysis of food subgroups using two different methods on the same data yielded similarities and dissimilarities in dietary patterns. Dietary patterns characterized by the number of servings method of analysis provided stronger association with weight status and was more sensitive to fruit and vegetable intake with regard to a more healthful dietary pattern within this sample. Public health recommendations should evaluate the methodology used to derive dietary patterns.}, keywords = {Aged Aged, 80 and over Anthropometry *Cluster Analysis Cross-Sectional Studies Diet/standards/*statistics & numerical data Diet Surveys Female Food/*classification *Food Habits Fruit Geriatric Assessment Health Status Humans Male Mental Recall *Nutrition Assessment Pennsylvania Public Health Vegetables} } @ARTICLE{Balluz2001, author = {Balluz, L. and Philen, R. and Ortega, L. and Rosales, C. and Brock, J. and Barr, D. and Kieszak, S.}, title = {Investigation of systemic lupus erythematosus in Nogales, Arizona}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {154}, pages = {1029-36}, number = {11}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States}, abstract = {In 1996, a citizens group in Nogales, Arizona, reported to the Arizona Department of Health their concerns about a possible excess prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) due to exposure to environmental contamination in the area. The authors conducted a two-phase study in which the objectives of phase I were to identify potential SLE cases and to determine the prevalence of SLE and the objectives of phase II were to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of SLE and to evaluate the possible association between SLE and environmental exposure to pesticides and inorganic compounds. Participants included 20 confirmed cases and 36 controls. The authors found the prevalence of SLE to be 103 cases per 100,000 population (95 percent confidence interval: 56, 149), two to seven times higher than the prevalence in the US population. They detected elevated levels of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chorophenyl)ethylene and organophosphate metabolites among cases and controls. In both, levels were higher than the reference mean for the US population. The authors found no statistical association between elevated levels of pesticides and disease status. Their results show that the prevalence of SLE in Nogales is higher than the reported prevalence in the US population and that both cases and controls had past exposure to chlorinated pesticides and have ongoing exposure to organophosphates.}, keywords = {Arizona/epidemiology Biological Markers/analysis Case-Control Studies Environmental Exposure Female Humans Logistic Models Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced/*epidemiology Male Pesticides/*adverse effects/metabolism Population Surveillance Prevalence Risk Factors} } @ARTICLE{Barr1999, author = {Barr, S. G. and Zonana-Nacach, A. and Magder, L. S. and Petri, M.}, title = {Patterns of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1999}, volume = {42}, pages = {2682-8}, number = {12}, note = {R01-ar-43727/ar/niams Rr-00052/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, keywords = {Adult Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*physiopathology Male Middle Aged Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Barre-Sinoussi1983, author = {Barre-Sinoussi, F. and Chermann, J. C. and Rey, F. and Nugeyre, M. T. and Chamaret, S. and Gruest, J. and Dauguet, C. and Axler-Blin, C. and Vezinet-Brun, F. and Rouzioux, C. and Rozenbaum, W. and Montagnier, L.}, title = {Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)}, journal = {Science}, year = {1983}, volume = {220}, pages = {868-71}, number = {4599}, note = {0036-8075 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {A retrovirus belonging to the family of recently discovered human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV), but clearly distinct from each previous isolate, has been isolated from a Caucasian patient with signs and symptoms that often precede the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This virus is a typical type-C RNA tumor virus, buds from the cell membrane, prefers magnesium for reverse transcriptase activity, and has an internal antigen (p25) similar to HTLV p24. Antibodies from serum of this patient react with proteins from viruses of the HTLV-I subgroup, but type-specific antisera to HTLV-I do not precipitate proteins of the new isolate. The virus from this patient has been transmitted into cord blood lymphocytes, and the virus produced by these cells is similar to the original isolate. From these studies it is concluded that this virus as well as the previous HTLV isolates belong to a general family of T-lymphotropic retroviruses that are horizontally transmitted in humans and may be involved in several pathological syndromes, including AIDS.}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*microbiology Adult Animals Antibodies, Viral/immunology Cells, Cultured Humans Male Microscopy, Electron RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism Retroviridae/*isolation & purification T-Lymphocytes/microbiology Tumor Virus Infections/*microbiology} } @ARTICLE{Baulieu1989, author = {Baulieu, F. B.}, title = {A CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENCE ABSENCE BASED DISSIMILARITY COEFFICIENTS}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {233-246}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Beeson1994, author = {Beeson, P. B.}, title = {Age and sex associations of 40 autoimmune diseases}, journal = {Am J Med}, year = {1994}, volume = {96}, pages = {457-62}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article United states}, abstract = {Self-injury by the host's immune system is believed to be a factor in the etiology of many diseases. Much attention has been given to the part played by sex hormones in such processes. Current literature frequently maintains that females are more susceptible than males to autoimmune diseases. In order to gain information about this factor, a tabulation has been made of the sex incidence of 40 autoimmune diseases which occur at different periods of life: childhood, early adult life, mature adult life, and old age. To some extent the tabulations substantiate female preponderance, but in some there is no gender difference, and in others, particularly the autoimmune nephropathies, male preponderance is the rule. Findings in experiments with animal analogues of human autoimmune disease, showing that administration of estrogen augments the manifestations, whereas androgen treatment suppresses them, do not correlate closely with clinical experience.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Anemia, Pernicious/epidemiology/immunology Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology Child Child, Preschool Dermatomyositis/epidemiology/immunology Erythema Nodosum/epidemiology/immunology Female Humans Incidence Infection/epidemiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/immunology Male Middle Aged Sex Factors Sjogren's Syndrome/epidemiology/immunology Temporal Arteritis/epidemiology/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Benedek1982, author = {Benedek, T. G. and Rodnan, G. P.}, title = {A Brief-History of the Rheumatic Diseases}, journal = {Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases}, year = {1982}, volume = {32}, pages = {59-68}, number = {6}, note = {Qd606 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:75} } @ARTICLE{Bengtsson2002, author = {Bengtsson, A. A. and Rylander, L. and Hagmar, L. and Nived, O. and Sturfelt, G.}, title = {Risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in southern Sweden}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2002}, volume = {41}, pages = {563-71}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Case-Control Studies Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Odds Ratio Questionnaires Random Allocation Risk Factors Sweden/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Bennett1956, author = {Bennett, G. A. and Cobb, S. and Jacox, R. and Jessar, R. A. and Ropes, M. W.}, title = {Proposed diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Bull Rheum Dis}, year = {1956}, volume = {7}, pages = {121-4}, number = {4}, note = {0007-5248 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diagnosis} } @INCOLLECTION{Bennett, author = {Bennett, R. M.}, title = {Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Other Overlap Syndromes}, booktitle = {Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology}, volume = {2}, pages = {1241-1259}, edition = {6} } @INCOLLECTION{Bennett2005, author = {Bennett, Robert M.}, title = {Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Other Overlap Syndromes}, booktitle = {Kelley's textbook of rheumatology}, publisher = {Elsevier/Saunders : Elsevier}, year = {2005}, editor = {Harris, Edward D. and Ruddy, Shaun and Kelley, William N.}, pages = {1241-1259}, address = {Philadelphia, Pa.}, edition = {7th}, note = {edited by Edward D. Harris, Jr. ... [et al.] ; electronic editor, Shaun Ruddy. Textbook of rheumatology Rheumatology ill. ; 29 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: Windows: PC based Pentium III 500 MHZ CPU (w/MMX) or faster; Windows 98SE, ME, 2000, XP; Macintosh: Power PC G3 300 MHZ, I-MAC, I-Book; Macintosh OS X. "Vol 1 P/N 9997637941"--Cover p. 4, v. 1. "Vol 2 P/N 999763795X"--Cover p. 4, v. 2. "Part number 9996002837"--CD-ROM.}, keywords = {Rheumatism. Arthritis. Rheumatic Diseases. Arthritis.} } @ARTICLE{Bernatsky2006, author = {Bernatsky, S. and Boivin, J. F. and Joseph, L. and Manzi, S. and Ginzler, E. and Gladman, D. D. and Urowitz, M. and Fortin, P. R. and Petri, M. and Barr, S. and Gordon, C. and Bae, S. C. and Isenberg, D. and Zoma, A. and Aranow, C. and Dooley, M. A. and Nived, O. and Sturfelt, G. and Steinsson, K. and Alarcon, G. and Senecal, J. L. and Zummer, M. and Hanly, J. and Ensworth, S. and Pope, J. and Edworthy, S. and Rahman, A. and Sibley, J. and El-Gabalawy, H. and McCarthy, T. and St Pierre, Y. and Clarke, A. and Ramsey-Goldman, R.}, title = {Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {2550-7}, number = {8}, note = {Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Cause of Death Female Great Britain/epidemiology Humans Iceland/epidemiology *International Cooperation Korea/epidemiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*mortality Male Middle Aged North America/epidemiology *Registries *Survival Rate Sweden/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Bertoli2006, author = {Bertoli, A. M. and Alarcon, G. S. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Fernandez, M. and Bastian, H. M. and Fessler, B. J. and Vila, L. M. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic U.S. cohort (LUMINA) XXVII: factors predictive of a decline to low levels of disease activity}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {13-8}, number = {1}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult *African Americans Comparative Study Confidence Intervals Disease Progression *European Continental Ancestry Group Female Follow-Up Studies *Hispanic Americans Humans Incidence Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*ethnology Male Prognosis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retrospective Studies Severity of Illness Index United States/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Blank2005, author = {Blank, M. and Aron-Maor, A. and Shoenfeld, Y.}, title = {From rheumatic fever to Libman-Sacks endocarditis: is there any possible pathogenetic link?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {697-701}, number = {9}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The heart lesions of rheumatic fever and the heart involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), have different clinical pictures. Yet, there are several common characteristics linking both diseases: 1) central nervous system (CNS) and heart involvement; 2) molecular mimicry between the a pathogen and the origin of the disease; 3) cross reacting antibodies between the pathogen and self molecules; 4) endothelial cell activation in the 'crime-area' i.e., the valves; 5) some of the patients with RF have circulating antiphospholipid antibodies, while APS may be associated with streptococcal infection; and 6) recently, a cross-reactivity between antibodies directed to the streptococcal M-protein and its synthetic derivative in rheumatic fever (RF) and antibodies derived from APS patients targeting the beta-2-glycoprotein-I (beta2GPI) and a beta2GPI related synthetic peptide. In the current paper, we summarize the possible links between the heart involvement in RF and APS.}, keywords = {Antiphospholipid Syndrome/immunology/pathology/physiopathology Autoantibodies/immunology *Endocarditis/etiology/immunology/pathology/physiopathology Heart Valves/pathology Humans *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/immunology/pathology/physiopathology *Rheumatic Fever/immunology/pathology/physiopathology} } @ARTICLE{Block1999, author = {Block, S. R.}, title = {On the nature of rheumatism}, journal = {Arthritis Care Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {12}, pages = {129-38}, number = {2}, note = {0893-7524 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Attitude to Health Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Rheumatic Diseases/*classification/*diagnosis/psychology Rheumatology/methods/trends *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Block2006, author = {Block, S. R.}, title = {A brief history of twins}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {61-4}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Editorial Historical Article}, keywords = {Diseases in Twins/*genetics/history History, 20th Century Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*genetics/history Twin Studies/*history} } @ARTICLE{Block1975, author = {Block, S. R. and Winfield, J. B. and Lockshin, M. D. and D'Angelo, W. A. and Christian, C. L.}, title = {Studies of twins with systemic lupus erythematosus. A review of the literature and presentation of 12 additional sets}, journal = {Am J Med}, year = {1975}, volume = {59}, pages = {533-52}, number = {4}, note = {0002-9343 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Review}, abstract = {To assess the role of genetic factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 12 twon pairs (seven definitely monozygotic, three definitely dizygotic) of which one or both twins had SLE, were studied and compared to 17 twin pairs (12 definitely monozygotic) previously described. In the present series, four of seven (57 per cent) definitely monozygotic pairs were clinically concordant for SLE, satisfying the preliminary criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA). Concordance for the presence of antinuclear factor (ANF) and hypergammaglobulinemia was 71 and tinuclear factor (ANF) and hypergammaglobulinemia was 71 and 87 per cent, respiectively. These data closely agree with those on the 12 definitely monozygotic sets previously described. All three of the dizygotic sets in the present series were discordant for clinical SLE, although one clinically well twin had marked serologic abnormalities. Comparison of these data with thos from other first degree relatives of out twins clearly suggests a strong genetic component in the pathogenesis of SLE. The relative contribution of nongenetic and environmental factors to the expression of the disease is discussed.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis *Diseases in Twins Environmental Exposure Female Humans Hypergammaglobulinemia/genetics Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*genetics/immunology Male Pedigree Phenotype Pregnancy Twins, Dizygotic Twins, Monozygotic} } @ARTICLE{Botto1998, author = {Botto, M. and Dell'Agnola, C. and Bygrave, A. E. and Thompson, E. M. and Cook, H. T. and Petry, F. and Loos, M. and Pandolfi, P. P. and Walport, M. J.}, title = {Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies}, journal = {Nat Genet}, year = {1998}, volume = {19}, pages = {56-9}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United states}, keywords = {Animals Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology Autoantigens/immunology Complement C1q/*deficiency/genetics Crosses, Genetic Glomerulonephritis/*genetics/immunology *Homozygote Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure Mice Microscopy, Electron} } @ARTICLE{Botto2002, author = {Botto, M. and Walport, M. J.}, title = {C1q, autoimmunity and apoptosis}, journal = {Immunobiology}, year = {2002}, volume = {205}, pages = {395-406}, number = {4-5}, note = {Journal Article Review Germany}, abstract = {Deficiency of classical pathway complement components displays a hierarchical association with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Individuals with deficiency of C1q, the first component of the classical pathway of activation, have the highest prevalence of SLE and the most severe manifestations of the disease. However, complement is also implicated in the effector inflammatory phase of the autoimmune response that characterizes SLE. Complement proteins are deposited in inflamed tissues causing consumption of complement. In addition, autoantibodies to C1q develop as part of the autoantibody response. Understanding how C1q deficiency results in the autoimmune phenotype of SLE may provide valuable clues to the role of the complement system in the maintenance of immune tolerance. In this review firstly we discuss the relationship between C1q deficiency and/or consumption and lupus. Secondly, we consider the links between apoptosis and complement. Finally we review the lessons we have learned from a murine model of C1q deficiency discussing the experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis that C1q may critically influence the immune response to self-antigens contained within the surface blebs generated by apoptotic cells.}, keywords = {Animals Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology Apoptosis/*immunology Autoantibodies Autoimmunity/*immunology Complement Activation Complement C1q/deficiency/immunology/*physiology Complement Pathway, Classical/*physiology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Brown2003, author = {Brown, J. M. and Archer, A. J. and Pfau, J. C. and Holian, A.}, title = {Silica accelerated systemic autoimmune disease in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed mice}, journal = {Clin Exp Immunol}, year = {2003}, volume = {131}, pages = {415-21}, number = {3}, note = {Es-04084/es/niehs Es-11249/es/niehs Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. England}, abstract = {The genetic backgrounds of lupus-prone murine models are a valuable resource for studying the influence of environmental exposure on autoimmune diseases in sensitive populations. Epidemiological studies have shown associations between silica exposure and several autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus. To determine whether silica exposure can exacerbate systemic autoimmunity in genetically predisposed animals, New Zealand mixed mice were intranasally instilled twice with saline or saline suspensions of 1 mg silica or 500 micro g TiO2, a dose equivalent in surface area, and were evaluated with respect to health and immune status. Survival in silica exposed NZM mice was decreased compared to saline and TiO2 exposed mice. Proteinuria levels were elevated in silica exposed mice. Levels of circulating immune complexes, autoantibodies to nuclear antigen (ANA), histone, and double stranded DNA were measured every two weeks by ELISA. Circulating immune complexes showed a trend towards an increased acceleration in levels in the silica exposed mice compared to saline and TiO2 exposed mice. ANA levels were significantly higher in silica exposed animals compared to saline and TiO2 exposed animals (0.237 +/- 0.03 versus 0.140 +/- 0.029 and 0.125 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05) 16 weeks postexposure. Autoantibodies to histone were also significantly elevated after 16 weeks in silica exposed animals compared to saline and TiO2 exposed animals (0.227 +/- 0.03 versus 0.073 +/- 0.015 and 0.05 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05). In contrast, serum IgG levels were decreased in silica exposed NZM mice compared to the saline controls, however, IgM levels were unaffected. Lungs of the silica-exposed mice had increased inflammatory infiltrates as well as fibrotic lesions characterized by excess collagen deposition. Therefore, although NZM mice are susceptible to SLE, silica exposure significantly exacerbated the course of disease.}, keywords = {Animals Antigen-Antibody Complex/blood Autoantibodies/biosynthesis Autoimmune Diseases/*etiology/genetics/immunology Female *Genetic Predisposition to Disease Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Kidney Glomerulus/immunology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics/immunology Male Mice Mice, Inbred NZB Proteinuria/chemically induced Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology/pathology Silicon Dioxide/*immunology Silicosis/pathology Survival Rate} } @ARTICLE{Bruce2005, author = {Bruce, I. N.}, title = {Atherogenesis and autoimmune disease: the model of lupus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {687-90}, number = {9}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Accelerated atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Certain 'classic' risk factors are associated with atherosclerosis risk in SLE. However, these factors alone do not fully explain the excess risk observed. Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition and in SLE, complement activation and immune complex formation may promote atheroma development. Similarly, autoantibody production, especially those in the anticardiolipin (ACLA) family are gaining increasing attention. The role of steroids may not be completely straightforward, low doses may have a beneficial anti-inflammatory role whereas higher doses may exacerbate metabolic factors. In contrast, antimalarials have a beneficial effect on lipids as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects. The aetiology of atherosclerosis in SLE is therefore multifactorial. A better understanding of the interface of autoimmunity and atherogenesis in the context of SLE will benefit lupus patients and will also help us better understand the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in general.}, keywords = {Antimalarials/therapeutic use *Atherosclerosis/etiology/pathology/physiopathology Autoimmune Diseases/complications/mortality/*physiopathology/therapy Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/mortality/*physiopathology/therapy Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors} } @ARTICLE{Brusco2006, author = {Brusco, M. and Steinley, D.}, title = {Inducing a blockmodel structure of two-mode binary data using seriation procedures}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology}, year = {2006}, volume = {50}, pages = {468-477}, number = {5}, abstract = {We show that seriation of the rows and columns of a two-mode, binary matrix can be an effective method for producing a reordering of the matrix that reveals a blockmodel structure of the data. The objective criterion of the seriation process is based on Robinson patterning of matrix elements. The key advantages of the proposed method are: (a) it can be used in conjunction with existing two-mode blockmodeling algorithms by facilitating selection of the number of classes for the rows and columns of the matrix and the appropriate types of ideal blocks; (b) the model uses a well-grounded index based on Robinson structure, (c) guaranteed optimal solutions can be obtained for problems of practical size, and (d) the seriation method is frequently capable of producing a solution that has a substantive interpretation with respect to the orderings of the row objects and column items. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.} } @ARTICLE{Brusco2004, author = {Brusco, M. J.}, title = {Clustering binary data in the presence of masking variables}, journal = {Psychol Methods}, year = {2004}, volume = {9}, pages = {510-23}, number = {4}, note = {1082-989X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {A number of important applications require the clustering of binary data sets. Traditional nonhierarchical cluster analysis techniques, such as the popular K-means algorithm, can often be successfully applied to these data sets. However, the presence of masking variables in a data set can impede the ability of the K-means algorithm to recover the true cluster structure. The author presents a heuristic procedure that selects an appropriate subset from among the set of all candidate clustering variables. Specifically, this procedure attempts to select only those variables that contribute to the definition of true cluster structure while eliminating variables that can hide (or mask) that true structure. Experimental testing of the proposed variable-selection procedure reveals that it is extremely successful at accomplishing this goal.}, keywords = {*Cluster Analysis Humans *Models, Psychological Psychology/*methods/*statistics & numerical data} } @ARTICLE{Brusco2006a, author = {Brusco, M. J.}, title = {A repetitive branch-and-bound procedure for minimum within-cluster sums of squares partitioning}, journal = {Psychometrika}, year = {2006}, volume = {71}, pages = {347-363}, number = {2}, abstract = {Minimization of the within-cluster sums of squares (WCSS) is one of the most important optimization criteria in cluster analysis. Although cluster analysis modules in commercial software packages typically use heuristic methods for this criterion, optimal approaches can be computationally feasible for problems of modest size. This paper presents a new branch-and-bound algorithm for minimizing WCSS. Algorithmic enhancements include an effective reordering of objects and a repetitive solution approach that precludes the need for splitting the data set, while maintaining strong bounds throughout the solution process. The new algorithm provided optimal solutions for problems with up to 240 objects and eight well-separated clusters. Poorly separated problems with no inherent cluster structure were optimally solved for up to 60 objects and six clusters. The repetitive branch-and-bound algorithm was also successfully applied to three empirical data sets from the classification literature.} } @ARTICLE{Brusco2005, author = {Brusco, M. J. and Cradit, J. D.}, title = {Bicriterion methods for partitioning dissimilarity matrices}, journal = {Br J Math Stat Psychol}, year = {2005}, volume = {58}, pages = {319-32}, number = {Pt 2}, note = {Journal Article England}, abstract = {Partitioning indices associated with the within-cluster sums of pairwise dissimilarities often exhibit a systematic bias towards clusters of a particular size, whereas minimization of the partition diameter (i.e. the maximum dissimilarity element across all pairs of objects within the same cluster) does not typically have this problem. However, when the partition-diameter criterion is used, there is often a myriad of alternative optimal solutions that can vary significantly with respect to their substantive interpretation. We propose a bicriterion partitioning approach that considers both diameter and within-cluster sums in the optimization problem and facilitates selection from among the alternative optima. We developed several MATLAB-based exchange algorithms that rapidly provide excellent solutions to bicriterion partitioning problems. These algorithms were evaluated using synthetic data sets, as well as an empirical dissimilarity matrix.}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis Humans *Models, Psychological Psychology/methods/statistics & numerical data} } @ARTICLE{Calabrese2005, author = {Calabrese, L. H. and Kirchner, E. and Shrestha, R.}, title = {Rheumatic complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: emergence of a new syndrome of immune reconstitution and changing patterns of disease}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {166-74}, number = {3}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the nature and frequency of rheumatic complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. METHODS: Case report and systematic review of a newly described syndrome of rheumatic immune reconstitution syndrome and prospective longitudinal cohort study analyzing the frequency and nature of rheumatic complications in the setting of HIV infection from 1989 through 2000. RESULTS: A newly described syndrome of either the de novo appearance or the exacerbation of clinically occult autoimmunity following immune reconstitution from HAART is described. Including the present case report, 32 cases have been individually described with sarcoidosis and autoimmune thyroid disease being most common with arthritis and various forms of connective tissue disease making up the rest. The mean onset to their appearance following HAART was nearly 9 months and most resolved with little or no therapy. In addition, a longitudinal analysis of 395 HIV-infected patients from 1989 to 2000 designed to detect the appearance of rheumatic complications has revealed a dramatic decline in certain problems such as reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and various forms of connective tissue disease. New rheumatic complications possibly due to the effects of longer survival and metabolic derangements associated with this form of therapy are now being described and may become more formidable problems in this population in the future. CONCLUSIONS: HAART has had a profound beneficial effect on survival in HIV-infected patients but has also contributed to both an altered frequency and a different nature of rheumatic complications now being observed in this population. Rheumatologists need to be aware of these changes to provide optimal diagnosis and treatment for this group.}, keywords = {Adult Anti-HIV Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/*adverse effects Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*etiology/immunology Follow-Up Studies Hiv HIV Infections/*complications/drug therapy Humans Immunity/*drug effects Male Syndrome} } @ARTICLE{Calvo-Alen1995, author = {Calvo-Alen, J. and Bastian, H. M. and Straaton, K. V. and Burgard, S. L. and Mikhail, I. S. and Alarcon, G. S.}, title = {Identification of patient subsets among those presumptively diagnosed with, referred, and/or followed up for systemic lupus erythematosus at a large tertiary care center}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, pages = {1475-84}, number = {10}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Comparative Study Diagnosis, Differential Female Fibromyalgia/complications/diagnosis Follow-Up Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/complications/diagnosis Male Middle Aged Referral and Consultation Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Canoso1979, author = {Canoso, J. J. and Cohen, A. S.}, title = {A review of the use, evaluations, and criticisms of the preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1979}, volume = {22}, pages = {917-21}, number = {8}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis Complement System Proteins/analysis Diagnosis, Differential Evaluation Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Cassidy1993, author = {Cassidy, J. T.}, title = {What's in a name? Nomenclature of juvenile arthritis. A North American view}, journal = {J Rheumatol Suppl}, year = {1993}, volume = {40}, pages = {4-8}, note = {0380-0903 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/epidemiology Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male North America/epidemiology *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Cervera2002, author = {Cervera, R. and Abarca-Costalago, M. and Abramovicz, D. and Allegri, F. and Annunziata, P. and Aydintug, A. O. and Bacarelli, M. R. and Bellisai, F. and Bernardino, I. and Biernat-Kaluza, E. and Blockmans, D. and Boki, K. and Bracci, L. and Campanella, V. and Camps, M. T. and Carcassi, C. and Cattaneo, R. and Cauli, A. and Chwalinska-Sadowska, H. and Contu, L. and Cosyns, J. P. and Danieli, M. G. and D'Cruz, D. and Depresseux, G. and Direskeneli, H. and Domenech, I. and Espinosa, G. and Fernandez-Nebro, A. and Ferrara, G. B. and Font, J. and Frutos, M. A. and Galeazzi, M. and Garcia-Carrasco, M. and Garcia-Iglesias, M. F. and Garcia-Tobaruela, A. and George, J. and Gil, A. and Gonzalez-Santos, P. and Grana, M. and Gul, A. and Haga, H. J. and de Haro-Liger, M. and Houssiau, F. and Hughes, G. R. and Ingelmo, M. and Jedryka-Goral, A. and Khamashta, M. A. and Lavilla, P. and Levi, Y. and Lopez-Dupla, M. and Lopez-Soto, A. and Maldykowa, H. and Marcolongo, R. and Mathieu, A. and Morozzi, G. and Nicolopoulou, N. and Papasteriades, C. and Passiu, G. and Perello, I. and Petera, P. and Petrovic, R. and Piette, J. C. and Pintado, V. and de Pita, O. and Popovic, R. and Pucci, G. and Puddu, P. and de Ramon, E. and Ramos-Casals, M. and Rodriguez-Andreu, J. and Ruiz-Irastroza, G. and Sanchez-Lora, J. and Sanna, G. and Scorza, R. and Sebastini, G. D. and Sherer, Y. and Shoenfeld, Y. and Simpatico, A. and Sinico, R. A. and Smolen, J. and Tincani, A. and Tokgoz, G. and Urbano-Marquez, A. and Vasconcelos, C. and Vazquez, J. J. and Veronesi, M. and Vianni, J. and Vivancos, J.}, title = {Lessons from the "Euro-Lupus Cohort"}, journal = {Ann Med Interne (Paris)}, year = {2002}, volume = {153}, pages = {530-6}, number = {8}, note = {0003-410X (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study}, abstract = {The "Euro-Lupus Cohort" is composed by 1,000 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that have been followed prospectively since 1991. These patients have been gathered by a European consortium - the "Euro-Lupus Project Group". This consortium was originated as part of the network promoted by the "European Working Party on SLE", a working group created in 1990 in order to promote research in Europe on the different problems related to this disease. The "Euro-Lupus Cohort" provides an updated information on the SLE morbidity and mortality characteristics in the present decade as well as defines several clinical and immunological prognostic factors.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age of Onset Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Cohort Studies Europe/epidemiology Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/*epidemiology/mortality Male Middle Aged Prognosis Prospective Studies Survival Rate} } @ARTICLE{Cervera1993, author = {Cervera, R. and Khamashta, M. A. and Font, J. and Sebastiani, G. D. and Gil, A. and Lavilla, P. and Domenech, I. and Aydintug, A. O. and Jedryka-Goral, A. and de Ramon, E. and et al.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. The European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus}, journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)}, year = {1993}, volume = {72}, pages = {113-24}, number = {2}, note = {0025-7974 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Autoantibodies/blood Biopsy Child Female Humans *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/immunology/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Prevalence Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Chan2005, author = {Chan, T. M.}, title = {Histological reclassification of lupus nephritis}, journal = {Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {561-6}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the progress in clinico-pathologic studies following the publication of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN)/Renal Pathology Society (RPS) 2003 classification of lupus nephritis. Major features in this classification system include non-ambiguous diagnostic criteria based on quantitative assessment of histological abnormalities and further classification of Class IV lesions with regard to the predominance of segmental or global lesions. RECENT FINDINGS: The new classification has been applied in two recent retrospective studies. Key findings included improved diagnostic concordance compared with the World Health Organization classification for lupus nephritis, but no observable difference in renal outcome between Classes IV-S and IV-G during short-term follow up. The data also suggested that fibrinoid necrosis and interstitial inflammation may be more prominent in the IV-S group. While the new classification stipulates the description of individual lesions indicating activity or chronicity, it has not devised new composite histological scores. In this regard, recent studies on novel histological indices of lupus renal biopsies based on digital imaging and computerized data analysis have demonstrated a better correlation with clinical parameters. SUMMARY: The ISN/RPS 2003 classification facilitates accurate communication between pathologists and clinicians. It also provides a clear framework for standardization, upon which the clinical and pathogenetic significance of individual lesions and histological subtypes require further elucidation.}, keywords = {Humans Kidney/pathology Lupus Nephritis/*classification/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Chaturvedi2001, author = {Chaturvedi, A. and Green, P. E. and Carroll, J. D.}, title = {K-modes clustering}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, pages = {35-55}, number = {1}, abstract = {We present a nonparametric approach to deriving clusters from categorical (nominal scale) data using a new clustering procedure called K-modes, which is analogous to the traditional K-Means procedure (MacQueen 1967) for clustering interval scale data. Unlike most existing methods for clustering nominal scale data, the K-modes procedure explicitly optimizes a loss function based on the Lo norm (defined as the limit of an L-p norm as p approaches zero). In Monte Carlo simulations, both K-modes and latent class procedures (e.g., Goodman 1974) performed with equal efficiency in recovering a known underlying cluster structure. However, K-modes is an order of magnitude faster than the latent class procedure in speed and suffers from fewer problems of local optima than do latent class procedures. For data sets involving a large number of categorical variables, latent class procedures become computationally extremely slow and hence infeasible. We conjecture that, although in some cases latent class procedures might perform better than K-modes, it could out-perform latent class procedures in other cases. Hence, we recommend that these two approaches be used as "complementary" procedures in performing cluster analysis. We also present an empirical comparison of K-modes and latent class, where the former method prevails.} } @ARTICLE{Chen2006, author = {Chen, Y. L. and Hu, H. L.}, title = {An overlapping cluster algorithm to provide non-exhaustive clustering}, journal = {European Journal of Operational Research}, year = {2006}, volume = {173}, pages = {762-780}, number = {3}, abstract = {The partitioning clustering is a technique to classify n objects into k disjoint clusters, and has been developed for years and widely used in many applications. In this paper, a new overlapping cluster algorithm is defined. It differs from traditional clustering algorithms in three respects. First, the new clustering is overlapping, because clusters are allowed to overlap with one another. Second, the clustering is non-exhaustive, because an object is permitted to belong to no cluster. Third, the goals considered in this research are the maximization of the average number of objects contained in a cluster and the maximization of the distances among cluster centers, while the goals in previous research are the maximization of the similarities of objects in the same clusters and the minimization of the similarities of objects in different clusters. Furthermore, the new clustering is also different from the traditional fuzzy clustering, because the object-cluster relationship in the new clustering is represented by a crisp value rather than that represented by using a fuzzy membership degree. Accordingly, a new overlapping partitioning cluster (OPC) algorithm is proposed to provide overlapping and non-exhaustive clustering of objects. Finally, several simulation and real world data sets are used to evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the OPC algorithm, and the outcomes indicate that the algorithm can generate satisfactory clustering results. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.} } @ARTICLE{Chiou2004, author = {Chiou, S. H. and Lan, J. L. and Lin, S. L. and Chen, D. Y. and Tsai, N. Y. and Kuan, C. Y. and Lin, T. Y. and Lin, F. J. and Lee, W. M. and Chang, T. J.}, title = {Pet dogs owned by lupus patients are at a higher risk of developing lupus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {442-9}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England}, keywords = {Animals Antibodies, Antinuclear/*analysis Dog Diseases/epidemiology/*immunology Dogs Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/*veterinary Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Clarke2004, author = {Clarke, A.}, title = {Proposed modifications to 1982 ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: serositis criterion}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {855-6}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The SLICC group believed that the definition of pleuritis should be expanded to include new pleural thickening and pericarditis to include characteristic history. Furthermore, SLICC suggested the addition of abdominal serositis to the current serositis criterion, manifested as either diffuse abdominal pain, with rebound or guarding, and/or ascites or bowel wall edema in the absence of other causes. Abdominal serositis can be secondary to either acute or chronic lupus peritonitis, with the former usually presenting as acute, generalized pain, and the latter as painless ascites.}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/classification/complications/*diagnosis Pericarditis/complications Peritonitis/complications Pleurisy/complications Serositis/*complications} } @ARTICLE{Clough1984, author = {Clough, J. D. and Elrazak, M. and Calabrese, L. H. and Valenzuela, R. and Braun, W. B. and Williams, G. W.}, title = {Weighted criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arch Intern Med}, year = {1984}, volume = {144}, pages = {281-5}, number = {2}, note = {0003-9926 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The preliminary American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in 87 patients with SLE and 73 without SLE from a rheumatology population. Using these data, Bayes' theorem was employed to weight the criteria so that a scoring system could be developed, allowing more accurate use of the criteria in diagnosis. Combinations of serologic test results were evaluated in a similar manner. Comparison of weighted scores with criteria counts showed greater sensitivity and specificity of the former whether the 1971 or modified 1982 ARA criteria were used. Weighted criteria may be more useful in clearly defining patient populations for studies of SLE.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Bayes Theorem DNA/immunology Diagnosis, Differential Diagnostic Errors Fluorescent Antibody Technique Humans Immunodiffusion Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/immunology Serologic Tests} } @ARTICLE{Cohen1971, author = {Cohen, A. S. and Reynolds, W. E. and Franklin, E. C. and Kulka, J. P. and Ropes, M. W. and Shulman, L. E. and Wallace, S. L.}, title = {Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Bull Rheum Dis}, year = {1971}, volume = {21}, pages = {643-648}, number = {9} } @ARTICLE{Conrad1996, author = {Conrad, K. and Mehlhorn, J. and Luthke, K. and Dorner, T. and Frank, K. H.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus after heavy exposure to quartz dust in uranium mines: clinical and serological characteristics}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1996}, volume = {5}, pages = {62-9}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England}, keywords = {Adult Age of Onset Aged Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Dust/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced/epidemiology/immunology Male Middle Aged *Mining Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced/epidemiology/immunology Prevalence Quartz/*adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2001, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Dooley, M. A. and Treadwell, E. L. and St Clair, E. W. and Gilkeson, G. S.}, title = {Smoking and use of hair treatments in relation to risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2001}, volume = {28}, pages = {2653-6}, number = {12}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Canada}, keywords = {Case-Control Studies Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Hair Dyes/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/*etiology Male North Carolina/epidemiology Risk Factors Smoking/*adverse effects South Carolina/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2002, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Dooley, M. A. and Treadwell, E. L. and St Clair, E. W. and Gilkeson, G. S.}, title = {Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history}, journal = {J Clin Epidemiol}, year = {2002}, volume = {55}, pages = {982-9}, number = {10}, note = {0895-4356 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Blood Transfusion/adverse effects Case-Control Studies Drug Hypersensitivity/*complications Female Herpesviridae Infections/complications Humans Hypersensitivity/complications Infection/*complications Influenza, Human/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics Male Middle Aged Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Risk Factors Tuberculosis/complications} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2002a, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Dooley, M. A. and Treadwell, E. L. and St Clair, E. W. and Gilkeson, G. S.}, title = {Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2002}, volume = {46}, pages = {1830-9}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Breast Feeding Case-Control Studies Confidence Intervals Contraceptives, Oral/pharmacology Estrogens/*physiology Female Hormone Replacement Therapy Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology Menopause/physiology Menstruation Middle Aged Odds Ratio Pregnancy Prolactin/*physiology Risk Factors} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2002b, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Miller, F. W. and Germolec, D. R.}, title = {Occupational exposures and autoimmune diseases}, journal = {Int Immunopharmacol}, year = {2002}, volume = {2}, pages = {303-13}, number = {2-3}, note = {Journal Article Review Netherlands}, abstract = {Autoimmune diseases are pathologic conditions defined by abnormal autoimmune responses and characterized by immune system reactivity in the form of autoantibodies and T cell responses to self-structures. Here we review the limited but growing epidemiologic and experimental literature pertaining to the association between autoimmune diseases and occupational exposure to silica, solvents, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. The strongest associations (i.e., relative risks of 3.0 and higher) have been documented in investigations of silica dust and rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma and glomerulonephritis. Weaker associations are seen, however, for solvent exposures (in scleroderma, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, and multiple sclerosis) and for farming or pesticide exposures (in rheumatoid arthritis). Experimental studies suggest two different effects of these exposures: an enhanced proinflammatory (TH1) response (e.g., TNF-alpha and IL-1 cytokine production with T cell activation), and increased apoptosis of lymphocytes leading to exposure to or modification of endogenous proteins and subsequent autoantibody formation. The former is a general mechanism that may be relevant across a spectrum of autoimmune diseases, whereas the latter may be a mechanism more specific to particular diseases (e.g., ultraviolet radiation, Ro autoantibodies, and lupus). Occupational exposures are important risk factors for some autoimmune diseases, but improved exposure assessment methods and better coordination between experimental/animal models and epidemiologic studies are needed to define these risks more precisely.}, keywords = {Animals Autoimmune Diseases/*chemically induced/immunology Humans Occupational Diseases/*chemically induced/*immunology Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Cooper1999, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Miller, F. W. and Pandey, J. P.}, title = {The role of genetic factors in autoimmune disease: implications for environmental research}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, year = {1999}, volume = {107 Suppl 5}, pages = {693-700}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review United states}, abstract = {Studies in both humans and in animal models of specific disorders suggest that polymorphisms of multiple genes are involved in conferring either a predisposition to or protection from autoimmune diseases. Genes encoding polymorphic proteins that regulate immune responses or the rates and extent of metabolism of certain chemical structures have been the focus of much of the research regarding genetic susceptibility. We examine the type and strength of evidence concerning genetic factors and disease etiology, drawing examples from a number of autoimmune diseases. Twin studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I diabetes, and multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate that disease concordance in monozygotic twins is 4 or more times higher than in dizygotic twins. Strong familial associations (odds ratio ranging from 5-10) are seen in studies of MS, type I diabetes, Graves disease, discoid lupus, and SLE. Familial association studies have also reported an increased risk of several systemic autoimmune diseases among relatives of patients with a systemic autoimmune disease. This association may reflect a common etiologic pathway with shared genetic or environmental influences among these diseases. Recent genomewide searches in RA, SLE, and MS provide evidence for multiple susceptibility genes involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC loci; there is also evidence that many autoimmune diseases share a common set of susceptibility genes. The multifactorial nature of the genetic risk factors and the low penetrance of disease underscore the potential influence of environmental factors and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of autoimmune diseases.}, keywords = {Animals Autoimmune Diseases/etiology/*genetics Diseases in Twins Environmental Health Female Genes, MHC Class II Humans Linkage (Genetics) Male Pedigree Research Design Twin Studies} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2004, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Parks, C. G.}, title = {Occupational and environmental exposures as risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Curr Rheumatol Rep}, year = {2004}, volume = {6}, pages = {367-74}, number = {5}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Review United States}, abstract = {Although genetic susceptibility plays a strong role in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), recent research has provided new evidence of the potential influence of environmental factors in the risk for this disease. This paper describes epidemiologic and experimental research pertaining to occupational and environmental sources of exposure to respirable crystalline silica, solvents and pesticides, and two "lifestyle" factors (smoking and hair dye use). As has been seen with other systemic autoimmune diseases (eg, systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis), a series of epidemiologic studies, using different designs in different settings, have demonstrated relatively strong and consistent associations between occupational silica exposure and SLE. The type and quality of exposure assessment is an important consideration in evaluating these studies. Recent experimental studies examined the effect of trichloroethylene exposure in MRL+/+ mice, but to date there have been few epidemiologic studies of solvents and SLE. There are numerous avenues with respect to environmental factors in SLE that need additional research.}, keywords = {Animals Cross-Over Studies Disease Models, Animal Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects Female Humans Incidence Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology Male Mice Mice, Inbred NZB Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects Pesticides/adverse effects Prognosis Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Silicon Dioxide/adverse effects Smoking/adverse effects Solvents/adverse effects Survival Analysis} } @ARTICLE{Cooper2004a, author = {Cooper, G. S. and Parks, C. G. and Treadwell, E. L. and St Clair, E. W. and Gilkeson, G. S. and Dooley, M. A.}, title = {Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2004}, volume = {31}, pages = {1928-33}, number = {10}, note = {Journal Article Canada}, keywords = {Case-Control Studies *Employment Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/immunology/*physiopathology Mercury/adverse effects North Carolina *Occupational Exposure/adverse effects Risk Factors Solvents/adverse effects South Carolina} } @ARTICLE{Costenbader2005, author = {Costenbader, K. H. and Karlson, E. W.}, title = {Cigarette smoking and systemic lupus erythematosus: a smoking gun?}, journal = {Autoimmunity}, year = {2005}, volume = {38}, pages = {541-7}, number = {7}, note = {P60 ar47782/ar/niams R01 ar49880/ar/niams Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/etiology Meta-Analysis Smoking/*adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Costenbader2006, author = {Costenbader, K. H. and Karlson, E. W.}, title = {Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {737-45}, number = {11}, note = {K24 ar052401/ar/niams P60 ar47782/ar/niams R01 ar49880/ar/niams Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England}, abstract = {Cigarette smoking has been causally linked to the development of multiple autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, Graves' hyperthyroidism, and primary biliary cirrhosis, among others. We review the known biologic effects of cigarette smoke, in particular its actions on the immune system, and the epidemiologic evidence associating smoking with increased risk of each of these autoimmune diseases. Interactions between cigarette smoking and genetic and immunologic factors, such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-shared epitope, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies, may point to mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.} } @ARTICLE{Costenbader2002, author = {Costenbader, K. H. and Karlson, E. W. and Mandl, L. A.}, title = {Defining lupus cases for clinical studies: the Boston weighted criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2002}, volume = {29}, pages = {2545-50}, number = {12}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Evaluation Studies Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Clinical Medicine/*methods Comparative Study Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/diagnosis Male Middle Aged Reproducibility of Results Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatology/*methods Sensitivity and Specificity} } @ARTICLE{Costenbader2004, author = {Costenbader, K. H. and Kim, D. J. and Peerzada, J. and Lockman, S. and Nobles-Knight, D. and Petri, M. and Karlson, E. W.}, title = {Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {50}, pages = {849-57}, number = {3}, note = {Ar-43727/ar/niams K08-ar-02074-0/ar/niams K23-hd-40451/hd/nichd M01-rr-00052/rr/ncrr P01-ar-36308/ar/niams R01-hd-044391/hd/nichd T32-pe-10018/pe/bhp Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, keywords = {Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology Odds Ratio Smoking/*adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Criswell2005, author = {Criswell, L. A. and Pfeiffer, K. A. and Lum, R. F. and Gonzales, B. and Novitzke, J. and Kern, M. and Moser, K. L. and Begovich, A. B. and Carlton, V. E. and Li, W. and Lee, A. T. and Ortmann, W. and Behrens, T. W. and Gregersen, P. K.}, title = {Analysis of families in the multiple autoimmune disease genetics consortium (MADGC) collection: the PTPN22 620W allele associates with multiple autoimmune phenotypes}, journal = {Am J Hum Genet}, year = {2005}, volume = {76}, pages = {561-71}, number = {4}, note = {N01-ai95386/ai/niaid Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, abstract = {Autoimmune disorders constitute a diverse group of phenotypes with overlapping features and a tendency toward familial aggregation. It is likely that common underlying genes are involved in these disorders. Until very recently, no specific alleles--aside from a few common human leukocyte antigen class II genes--had been identified that clearly associate with multiple different autoimmune diseases. In this study, we describe a unique collection of 265 multiplex families assembled by the Multiple Autoimmune Disease Genetics Consortium (MADGC). At least two of nine "core" autoimmune diseases are present in each of these families. These core diseases include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves disease), juvenile RA, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis), psoriasis, and primary Sjogren syndrome. We report that a recently described functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2476601, encoding R620W) in the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) confers risk of four separate autoimmune phenotypes in these families: T1D, RA, SLE, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. MS did not show association with the PTPN22 risk allele. These findings suggest a common underlying etiologic pathway for some, but not all, autoimmune disorders, and they suggest that MS may have a pathogenesis that is distinct from RA, SLE, and T1D. DNA and clinical data for the MADGC families are available to the scientific community; these data will provide a valuable resource for the dissection of the complex genetic factors that underlie the various autoimmune phenotypes.}, keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease HLA-DR Antigens/genetics Histocompatibility Testing Humans Male Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase/*genetics Registries Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Curry1976, author = {Curry, D. J.}, title = {SOME STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CLUSTERING WITH BINARY DATA}, journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research}, year = {1976}, volume = {11}, pages = {175-188}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Danchenko2006, author = {Danchenko, N. and Satia, J. A. and Anthony, M. S.}, title = {Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {308-18}, number = {5}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of multifactorial etiology. Quantifying the burden of SLE across different countries can clarify the role of genetic, environmental and other causative factors in the natural history of the disease, and to understand its clinical and societal consequences. The aim of this study is to summarize data on SLE incidence and prevalence in the USA, Europe, Asia, and Australia. An extensive review of electronic resources (PubMed and MedLine) and medical journals was conducted to identify published studies on SLE incidence and prevalence over the period of 1950-early 2006. Researchers in the countries of interest provided additional information on the epidemiology of SLE. The incidence and prevalence of SLE varies considerably across the countries. The burden of the disease is considerably elevated among non-white racial groups. There is a trend towards higher incidence and prevalence of SLE in Europe and Australia compared to the U.S.A. In Europe, the highest prevalence was reported in Sweden, Iceland and Spain. There are marked disparities in SLE rates worldwide. This variability may reflect true differences across populations, or result from methodological differences of studies. The true geographic, racial, and temporal differences in SLE incidence and prevalence may yield important clues to the etiology of disease.}, keywords = {Age Factors Australia/epidemiology *Epidemiologic Studies Europe/epidemiology Female Humans Incidence Japan/epidemiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology Male Martinique/epidemiology Prevalence PubMed/statistics & numerical data Retrospective Studies Sex Factors United States/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Dayal2002, author = {Dayal, N. A. and Gordon, C. and Tucker, L. and Isenberg, D. A.}, title = {The SLICC damage index: past, present and future}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2002}, volume = {11}, pages = {261-5}, number = {4}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age of Onset Aging Child Epidemiologic Measurements Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy/epidemiology/*mortality/*pathology Male Middle Aged Survival Rate Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Delevaux2005, author = {Delevaux, I. and Andre, M. and Marroun, I. and Lamaison, D. and Piette, J. C. and Aumaitre, O.}, title = {Intractable hiccup as the initial presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {406-8}, number = {5}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article}, abstract = {An infarctus of medulla oblongata was discovered in a 44-year old man with an intractable hiccup and 10, 11th and 12th right cranial nerves palsies. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with antiphospholipid syndrome was subsequently diagnosed. Hiccup has withdrew with corticosteroid therapy and low-dose aspirin. The other cases of literature and pathophysiologic hypotheses are briefly reported.}, keywords = {Accessory Nerve Diseases/complications Adult Antiphospholipid Syndrome/complications Cerebral Infarction/complications/diagnosis Hiccup/*etiology Humans Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medulla Oblongata/blood supply/pathology Paralysis/complications Vagus Nerve Diseases/complications} } @ARTICLE{Dimitriadou2002, author = {Dimitriadou, E. and Dolnicar, S. and Weingessel, A.}, title = {An examination of indexes for determining the number of clusters in binary data sets}, journal = {Psychometrika}, year = {2002}, volume = {67}, pages = {137-159}, number = {1}, note = {652WJ Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:41}, abstract = {The problem of choosing the correct number of clusters is as old as cluster analysis itself. A number of authors have suggested various indexes to facilitate this crucial decision. One of the most extensive comparative studies of indexes was conducted by Milligan and Cooper (1985). The present piece of work pursues the same goal under different conditions. In contrast to Milligan and Cooper's work, the emphasis here is on high-dimensional empirical binary data. Binary artificial data sets are constructed to reflect features typically encountered in real-world data situations in the field of marketing research. The simulation includes 162 binary data sets that are clustered by two different algorithms and lead to recommendations on the number of clusters for each index under consideration. Index results are evaluated and their performance is compared and analyzed.}, keywords = {number of clusters clustering indexes binary data artificial data sets market segmentation similarity coefficients} } @ARTICLE{Dooley2004, author = {Dooley, M. A. and Aranow, C. and Ginzler, E. M.}, title = {Review of ACR renal criteria in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {857-60}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The American College of Rheumatology renal criteria require re-evaluation to incorporate recent advances in the classification of glomerulonephritidies. Renal biopsy is now common and safely performed by experienced nephrologists in community as well as academic settings. The optimal criterion is renal histopathology findings of an immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis as interpreted by an experienced pathologist employing accepted criteria. Renal biopsies should be analysed by routine histopathology, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. Rating of activity and chronicity should be noted. Secondary criteria for patients unable to undergo renal biopsy includes a combination of findings. These include proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, elevated anti-dsDNA antibodies and an active urine sediment. Proteinuria is a nonspecific finding and, most importantly, can be associated with a number of comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. Persistent proteinuria > 0.5 g per day or a spot protein to creatine ratio of > 0.5 should be accompanied by an additional feature supporting active lupus such as positive serologies (hypocomplementemia and/or elevated anti-dsDNA antibodies) and/or active urinary sediment. Similarly, active urinary sediment should be accompanied by the additional criterion of proteinuria to meet renal criteria. Decline in renal function is not a reliable criterion given the numerous medications, comorbidities and other clinical circumstances which may result in this feature.}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Nephritis/classification/*diagnosis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.} } @ARTICLE{Doria2005, author = {Doria, A. and Iaccarino, L. and Sarzi-Puttini, P. and Atzeni, F. and Turriel, M. and Petri, M.}, title = {Cardiac involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {683-6}, number = {9}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Pericarditis is the most common cardiac abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, but lesions of the valves, myocardium and coronary vessels may all occur. In the past, cardiac manifestations were severe and life threatening, often leading to death. Therefore, they were frequently found in post-mortem examinations. Nowadays cardiac manifestations are often mild and asymptomatic. However, they can be frequently recognized by echocardiography and other noninvasive tests. Echocardiography is a sensitive and specific technique in detecting cardiac abnormalities, particularly mild pericarditis, valvular lesions and myocardial dysfunction. Therefore, echocardiography should be performed periodically in SLE patients. Vascular occlusion, including coronary arteries, may develop due to vasculitis, premature atherosclerosis or antiphospholipid antibodies associated with SLE. Premature atherosclerosis is the most frequent cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) in SLE patients. Efforts should be made to control traditional risk factors as well as all other factors which could contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology/immunology/pathology/physiopathology Coronary Vessels/pathology/physiopathology Echocardiography Heart/*physiology Heart Conduction System/physiology Heart Valves/pathology/physiopathology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/immunology/pathology/physiopathology Myocarditis/etiology/immunology/physiopathology Pericarditis/etiology/immunology/pathology/physiopathology Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.} } @ARTICLE{Doria2005a, author = {Doria, A. and Sarzi-Puttini, P.}, title = {Heart, rheumatism and autoimmunity: an old intriguing link}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {643-5}, number = {9}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Editorial}, keywords = {Autoimmunity/*physiology Heart/*physiology Humans Myocarditis/immunology Myocardium/immunology Rheumatic Diseases/*physiopathology} } @ARTICLE{Driessen2005, author = {Driessen, M. and Lange, W. and Junghanns, K. and Wetterling, T.}, title = {Proposal of a comprehensive clinical typology of alcohol withdrawal--a cluster analysis approach}, journal = {Alcohol Alcohol}, year = {2005}, volume = {40}, pages = {308-13}, number = {4}, note = {0735-0414 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium/classification/diagnosis/epidemiology Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology Cluster Analysis Comorbidity Discriminant Analysis Ethanol/*adverse effects Female Germany/epidemiology Hallucinations/diagnosis/epidemiology Humans Male Models, Psychological Prognosis Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data Severity of Illness Index Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*classification/diagnosis/epidemiology} } @BOOK{Dubois1966, title = {Lupus Erythematosus}, year = {1966}, author = {Dubois, Edmund L.} } @ARTICLE{Edwards2005, author = {Edwards, C. J.}, title = {Environmental factors and lupus: are we looking too late?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {423-5}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, keywords = {Animals Autoimmunity Environment Humans Hygiene Infection/immunology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Edwards2006, author = {Edwards, C. J. and James, J. A.}, title = {Making lupus: a complex blend of genes and environmental factors is required to cross the disease threshold}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {713-4}, number = {11}, note = {Editorial England} } @ARTICLE{Edworthy1988, author = {Edworthy, S. M. and Zatarain, E. and McShane, D. J. and Bloch, D. A.}, title = {Analysis of the 1982 ARA lupus criteria data set by recursive partitioning methodology: new insights into the relative merit of individual criteria}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1988}, volume = {15}, pages = {1493-8}, number = {10}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Comparative Study Complement System Proteins/analysis Data Interpretation, Statistical Decision Trees/*methods Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/immunology Male Multicenter Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatic Diseases Societies, Medical United States} } @ARTICLE{Egol2001, author = {Egol, K. A. and Jazrawi, L. M. and DeWal, H. and Su, E. and Leslie, M. P. and Di Cesare, P. E.}, title = {Orthopaedic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Bull Hosp Jt Dis}, year = {2001}, volume = {60}, pages = {29-34}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Review United States}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown origin. It affects multiple organ systems, but most frequently the musculoskeletal system. Highly variable manifestations include small and large joint involvement, spinal involvement, periarticular tissue symptoms, and complications associated with chronic steroid use such as osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, and stress fractures. The following review summarizes the common orthopaedic manifestations of SLE.}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications Musculoskeletal Diseases/*etiology} } @ARTICLE{Estes1971, author = {Estes, D. and Christian, C. L.}, title = {The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus by prospective analysis}, journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)}, year = {1971}, volume = {50}, pages = {85-95}, number = {2}, note = {0025-7974 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Anemia, Hemolytic/etiology Antibodies, Antinuclear Blood Platelet Disorders/etiology Child Child, Preschool Corticotropin/therapeutic use Female Humans Immune System Diseases/complications Joint Diseases/etiology Leukopenia/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/drug therapy/etiology/mortality/pathology Male Mental Disorders/etiology Middle Aged Nephritis/etiology Neurologic Manifestations Neutrophils Pericarditis/etiology Prognosis Prospective Studies Sex Factors Skin/pathology Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Everitt2004, author = {Everitt, B.}, title = {Untitled}, journal = {Statistical Methods in Medical Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {343-345}, number = {5} } @ARTICLE{Farzaneh-Far2006, author = {Farzaneh-Far, A. and Roman, M. J. and Lockshin, M. D. and Devereux, R. B. and Paget, S. A. and Crow, M. K. and Davis, A. and Sammaritano, L. and Levine, D. M. and Salmon, J. E.}, title = {Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {3918-25}, number = {12}, note = {Ar-45591/ar/niams M10-rr-0047/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/*blood Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/*immunology/physiopathology Echocardiography Female Health Status Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*immunology/physiopathology Male Mitral Valve/pathology/physiopathology Mitral Valve Insufficiency/complications/immunology/physiopathology Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Fautrel2002, author = {Fautrel, B. and Zing, E. and Golmard, J. L. and Le Moel, G. and Bissery, A. and Rioux, C. and Rozenberg, S. and Piette, J. C. and Bourgeois, P.}, title = {Proposal for a new set of classification criteria for adult-onset still disease}, journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)}, year = {2002}, volume = {81}, pages = {194-200}, number = {3}, note = {0025-7974 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Ferritin/*analogs & derivatives/blood Glycosylation Humans Linear Models Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retrospective Studies Still's Disease, Adult-Onset/*classification/diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Feld2003, author = {Feld, J. J. and Heathcote, E. J.}, title = {Epidemiology of autoimmune liver disease}, journal = {J Gastroenterol Hepatol}, year = {2003}, volume = {18}, pages = {1118-28}, number = {10}, note = {0815-9319 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic liver diseases that likely have an autoimmune basis to their pathogenesis. Although significant strides have been made in the clinical management of these conditions, their pathogenesis remains obscure. Understanding of various epidemiological factors may shed light on predisposing or causative factors for these diseases. Most is known about the epidemiology of PBC, with only minimal information on that of PSC and AIH. In this review, the current data on the epidemiology of PBC, AIH and PSC are summarized and suggestions are made for future work in this important area.}, keywords = {Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology Cholangitis, Sclerosing/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology Genetic Predisposition to Disease HLA Antigens/analysis Hepatitis, Autoimmune/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology Humans Incidence Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Feldt1995, author = {Feldt, von}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus: Recognizing its various presentations}, journal = {Postgrad Med}, year = {1995}, volume = {97}, pages = {79-}, number = {4} } @ARTICLE{Finckh2006, author = {Finckh, A. and Cooper, G. S. and Chibnik, L. B. and Costenbader, K. H. and Watts, J. and Pankey, H. and Fraser, P. A. and Karlson, E. W.}, title = {Occupational silica and solvent exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban women}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {3648-54}, number = {11}, note = {K24-ar-0524-01/ar/niams P60-ar-4778/ar/niams P60-ar-47782/ar/niams R01-ar-49880/ar/niams R25-es-10457-01/es/niehs Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States}, keywords = {Adult African Americans/statistics & numerical data Boston/epidemiology Case-Control Studies Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced/*epidemiology Middle Aged Occupational Diseases/chemically induced/*epidemiology Occupational Exposure Risk Factors Silicon Dioxide/*adverse effects Solvents/*adverse effects Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data} } @ARTICLE{Finckh2007, author = {Finckh, A. and Dehler, S. and Costenbader, K. H. and Gabay, C.}, title = {Cigarette smoking and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {2007}, note = {Journal article} } @ARTICLE{Fitzgerald2000, author = {Fitzgerald, S. G. and Kwoh, C. K. and McCarty, D. and Ramsey-Goldman, R. and Medsger, T. A., Jr. and Manzi, S.}, title = {The Lupus Foundation as an additional source for case ascertainment: developing a community-based lupus registry}, journal = {Arthritis Care Res}, year = {2000}, volume = {13}, pages = {137-40}, number = {3}, note = {1-p60-ar-44811 01/ar/niams 5r01 hl5490002/hl/nhlbi Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Validation Studies United States the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association}, keywords = {Adult Databases, Factual Female Foundations/*statistics & numerical data Hospitals/statistics & numerical data Humans Incidence Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*epidemiology Male Pennsylvania/epidemiology Population Surveillance/*methods Questionnaires *Registries Rheumatology/statistics & numerical data Voluntary Health Agencies} } @BOOK{Fitzpatrick2005, title = {Color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology : common and serious diseases}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division}, year = {2005}, author = {Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. and Johnson, Richard Allen and Wolff, Klaus}, address = {New York}, edition = {5th}, keywords = {Dermatology Atlases. Skin Diseases Atlases.} } @ARTICLE{Font2004, author = {Font, J. and Cervera, R. and Ramos-Casals, M. and Garcia-Carrasco, M. and Sents, J. and Herrero, C. and del Olmo, J. A. and Darnell, A. and Ingelmo, M.}, title = {Clusters of clinical and immunologic features in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of 600 patients from a single center}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {33}, pages = {217-30}, number = {4}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age of Onset Aged Aged, 80 and over Arthritis/complications Autoantibodies/immunology Child Cohort Studies Exanthema/complications Female Humans Kidney Diseases/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/epidemiology/*immunology Male Middle Aged Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Fortin1998, author = {Fortin, P. R. and Abrahamowicz, M. and Neville, C. and du Berger, R. and Fraenkel, L. and Clarke, A. E. and Danoff, D.}, title = {Impact of disease activity and cumulative damage on the health of lupus patients}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1998}, volume = {7}, pages = {101-7}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {To test if lupus activity and damage predict physical function and general health in lupus was the objective of this study. Ninety-six patients with lupus were seen at baseline and monthly for 4 months. Sociodemographic characteristics and lupus damage (SLICC/ACR DI), were collected at baseline while lupus activity (SLAM-R, SLEDAI), health status measures (HAQ, SF-36) and immunological tests were collected at each visit. Associations of lupus activity and damage with general health and physical function were evaluated. Baseline health status measures were greatly impaired and comparable to those of severe medical illnesses. In cross-sectional analyses, baseline activity score measured by SLAM-R, but not by SLEDAI, correlated with most subscales of SF-36. Baseline damage score SLICC/ACR DI correlated only with the HAQ and the physical function subscale of SF-36. Differences in both activity measures (SLAM-R and SLEDAI) over time correlated with change in health status measures while baseline cumulative damage (SLICC/ACR DI) correlated with the average level of physical function only. Lupus activity measures, SLAM-R and SLEDAI, although differing cross-sectionally, both reflected patients' health status performance over time and lupus damage measure, SLICC/ACR DI, performed well in assessing physical function. Lupus patients scores for health are poor and comparable to those found in severe medical illnesses.}, keywords = {*Activities of Daily Living Adult Cross-Sectional Studies Data Interpretation, Statistical Female *Health Status Indicators Health Surveys Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*psychology Male Middle Aged Outcome Assessment (Health Care) Prospective Studies Quality of Life/psychology Questionnaires Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Freni-Titulaer1989, author = {Freni-Titulaer, L. W. and Kelley, D. B. and Grow, A. G. and McKinley, T. W. and Arnett, F. C. and Hochberg, M. C.}, title = {Connective tissue disease in southeastern Georgia: a case-control study of etiologic factors}, journal = {Am J Epidemiol}, year = {1989}, volume = {130}, pages = {404-9}, number = {2}, note = {M01 rr00722/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, abstract = {The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of connective tissue disease in a four-county area in southeastern Georgia. Interviews with 44 cases and 88 controls were conducted in September and October of 1986. The association with a family history of these disorders was reconfirmed, and a positive association with the use of hair dyes was found. A negative association was found with a family history of diabetes mellitus.}, keywords = {Amines/metabolism Connective Tissue Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology Cross-Sectional Studies Diabetes Complications Female Georgia Hair Dyes/adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/etiology Myositis/epidemiology/etiology Risk Factors Scleroderma, Systemic/epidemiology/etiology} } @ARTICLE{Friedman2003, author = {Friedman, A. W. and Tewi, M. B. and Ahn, C. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Fessler, B. J. and Bastian, H. M. and Baethge, B. A. and Reveille, J. D. and Alarcon, G. S.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XV. Prevalence and correlates of fibromyalgia}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2003}, volume = {12}, pages = {274-9}, number = {4}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {African Continental Ancestry Group Cohort Studies European Continental Ancestry Group Female Fibromyalgia/*ethnology Humans Logistic Models Longitudinal Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*ethnology Male Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Fries1987, author = {Fries, J. F.}, title = {Methodology of validation of criteria for SLE}, journal = {Scand J Rheumatol Suppl}, year = {1987}, volume = {65}, pages = {25-30}, note = {0301-3847 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/diagnosis Methods Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sensitivity and Specificity} } @ARTICLE{Fries1994, author = {Fries, J. F. and Hochberg, M. C. and Medsger, T. A., Jr. and Hunder, G. G. and Bombardier, C.}, title = {Criteria for rheumatic disease. Different types and different functions. The American College of Rheumatology Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1994}, volume = {37}, pages = {454-62}, number = {4}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Criteria sets formalize our approach to studying the etiology, course, and management of rheumatic diseases, and provide a conceptual base for measuring future improvements in clinical care. They focus our clinical objectives and improve our clinical research activities. They are dynamic, evolving, and will certainly undergo major changes. Understanding the purposes of specific criteria sets and the differences between different criteria categories is crucial for understanding the rheumatic disease literature and for the design and conduct of clinical and epidemiologic investigations.}, keywords = {Forecasting Humans Prognosis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatic Diseases/*classification/complications Severity of Illness Index Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Fries1973, author = {Fries, J. F. and Siegel, R. C.}, title = {Testing the 'preliminary criteria for classification of SLE'}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {1973}, volume = {32}, pages = {171-7}, number = {2}, note = {0003-4967 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear Computers Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted False Negative Reactions False Positive Reactions Fluorescent Antibody Technique Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/complications/diagnosis/immunology Models, Biological} } @ARTICLE{Ganczarczyk1989, author = {Ganczarczyk, L. and Urowitz, M. B. and Gladman, D. D.}, title = {"Latent lupus"}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1989}, volume = {16}, pages = {475-8}, number = {4}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Twenty-two patients with constellation of features suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but who did not qualify by "criteria" or a rheumatologist's intuition as having SLE, have been followed prospectively for at least 5 years, and have been labeled latent lupus. These patients presented with at least one of the 1971 or 1982 classification criteria, plus any of a constellation of minor criteria. They differed from patients with SLE in the absence of renal and central nervous system disease, and the lower frequency of DNA antibodies and depressed complement. They had a similar distribution of HLA antigens. Seven of the 22 patients evolved into SLE during the period of followup. There were no clinical or laboratory features which distinguished these patients from the remaining 15 with persistent latent lupus. Patients with latent lupus may represent a mild spectrum of SLE, and evolutionary phase of classic SLE, or a diathesis awaiting other provoking factors.}, keywords = {Adult Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use Diagnosis, Differential Female Histocompatibility Testing Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology Male Prospective Studies Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Giannakopoulos2007, author = {Giannakopoulos, B. and Passam, F. and Rahgozar, S. and Krilis, S. A.}, title = {Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome}, journal = {Blood}, year = {2007}, volume = {109}, pages = {422-30}, number = {2}, note = {Journal Article United States}, abstract = {The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an important cause of acquired thrombophilia. It is characterized by the core clinical manifestations of thrombosis, either venous or arterial, and in women it can also be associated with recurrent fetal loss. The detection of persistently elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL Abs) is a requisite laboratory feature for the diagnosis to be made. The dominant antigenic targets in APS are beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) and prothrombin. There is an accumulating body of experimental evidence that suggests that specific subgroups of aPL Abs may directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review critically examines the experimental evidence underlying the various propositions made to explain how these antibodies may predispose to disease in humans. Furthermore, it also examines the evidence relating to the immunologic mechanisms that may contribute to the breakage of peripheral tolerance in this disorder. Delineating the strengths and limitations of the experimental evidence accumulated thus far will hopefully stimulate further experimentation toward achieving the ultimate goal of precisely defining the dominant pathogenic mechanisms operational in APS. This may pave the way for the development of improved therapies.} } @ARTICLE{Gilliam1981, author = {Gilliam, J. N. and Sontheimer, R. D.}, title = {Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Am Acad Dermatol}, year = {1981}, volume = {4}, pages = {471-5}, number = {4}, note = {Journal Article United states}, keywords = {Antibodies/immunology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/immunology/pathology Skin/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Ginn1998, author = {Ginn, L. R. and Lin, J. P. and Plotz, P. H. and Bale, S. J. and Wilder, R. L. and Mbauya, A. and Miller, F. W.}, title = {Familial autoimmunity in pedigrees of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients suggests common genetic risk factors for many autoimmune diseases}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1998}, volume = {41}, pages = {400-5}, number = {3}, note = {Journal Article United states}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology/*genetics Autoimmunity/*physiology Case-Control Studies Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Male Middle Aged Myositis/*genetics/*immunology Odds Ratio Pedigree Prevalence Prospective Studies Reference Values Regression Analysis Risk Factors Sex Distribution} } @ARTICLE{Gladman1999, author = {Gladman, D. D. and Urowitz, M. B.}, title = {The SLICC/ACR damage index: progress report and experience in the field}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1999}, volume = {8}, pages = {632-7}, number = {8}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The SLICC/ACR damage index for SLE was developed to assess accumulated damage since the onset of the disease. The damage includes non-reversible changes in organs and systems affected by the disease process itself, its therapy, or inter-current illness. This paper describes the development of the damage index, its validation and its use. It is recommended as an outcome measure for longitudinal studies of prognosis and response to new therapies, and as a stratification measure for clinical trials.}, keywords = {*Health Status Indicators Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*physiopathology/*therapy Prognosis Reproducibility of Results Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Gnanadesikan1995, author = {Gnanadesikan, R. and Kettenring, J. R. and Tsao, S. L.}, title = {WEIGHTING AND SELECTION OF VARIABLES FOR CLUSTER-ANALYSIS}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {1995}, volume = {12}, pages = {113-136}, number = {1}, abstract = {One of the thorniest aspects of cluster analysis continues to be the weighting and selection of variables. This paper reports on the performance of nine methods on eight ''leading case'' simulated and real sets of data. The results demonstrate shortcomings of weighting based on the standard deviation or range as well as other more complex schemes in the literature. Weighting schemes based upon carefully chosen estimates of within-cluster and between-cluster variability are generally more effective. These estimates do not require knowledge of the cluster structure. Additional research is essential: worry-free approaches do not yet exist.} } @ARTICLE{Gomez-Puerta2005, author = {Gomez-Puerta, J. A. and Martin, H. and Amigo, M. C. and Aguirre, M. A. and Camps, M. T. and Cuadrado, M. J. and Hughes, G. R. and Khamashta, M. A.}, title = {Long-term follow-up in 128 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: do they develop lupus?}, journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)}, year = {2005}, volume = {84}, pages = {225-30}, number = {4}, note = {Journal Article Multicenter Study United States}, keywords = {Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology Adolescent Adult Aged Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/analysis Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*complications Autoimmune Diseases/etiology Cohort Studies Coombs' Test Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Longitudinal Studies Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor/analysis Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology Male Middle Aged Migraine Disorders/etiology Pregnancy Pulmonary Embolism/etiology Retrospective Studies Skin Diseases, Vascular/etiology Thrombocytopenia/etiology Thrombosis/etiology Venous Thrombosis/etiology} } @INCOLLECTION{Gordon1996, author = {Gordon, Allan D.}, title = {Hierarchical Classification}, booktitle = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, editor = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, pages = {65-121}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @ARTICLE{Gorter2002, author = {Gorter, S. and van der Heijde, D. M. and van der Linden, S. and Houben, H. and Rethans, J. J. and Scherpbier, A. J. and van der Vleuten, C. P.}, title = {Psoriatic arthritis: performance of rheumatologists in daily practice}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {2002}, volume = {61}, pages = {219-24}, number = {3}, note = {0003-4967 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To assess, using standardised patients (SPs), how rheumatologists diagnose psoriatic arthritis, whether the diagnostic efficiency is influenced by specific characteristics of the rheumatologists, and to study the relationship with costs. METHODS: Twenty three rheumatologists were each visited by one of two SPs (one male, one female) presenting as a patient with psoriatic arthritis. SPs remained incognito for all meetings for the duration of the study. Immediately after the encounter, SPs completed case-specific checklists on the medical content of the encounter. Information on ordered laboratory and imaging tests was obtained from each hospital. RESULTS: Fourteen rheumatologists diagnosed psoriatic arthritis correctly. They inspected the skin for psoriatic lesions more often than those rheumatologists who established other diagnoses. Rheumatologists diagnosing psoriatic arthritis spent more on additional laboratory and imaging investigations. These were carried out after the diagnosis to confirm it and to record the extent and severity of the disease. No differences in type of practice, number of outpatients seen each week, working experience, or sex were found between rheumatologists who made the correct diagnosis and those who made other diagnoses. The correct diagnosis was more often missed by rheumatologists who saw the male SP, who presented with clear distal interphalangeal DIP joint arthritis only, causing confusion with osteoarthritis of the DIP joints. CONCLUSION: There is a considerable amount of variation in the delivery of care among rheumatologists who see an SP with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatologists focusing too much on the most prominent features (DIP joint arthritis) sometimes seem to forget "the hidden (skin) symptoms".}, keywords = {Adult Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use Arthritis, Psoriatic/*diagnosis/drug therapy/economics *Clinical Competence Delivery of Health Care/*standards Diagnosis, Differential Female Health Care Costs Humans Laboratory Techniques and Procedures/economics Male Middle Aged Patient Simulation *Physician's Practice Patterns Referral and Consultation Reproducibility of Results Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't} } @ARTICLE{Gottlieb1981, author = {Gottlieb, M. S. and Schanker, H. M. and Fan, P. T. and Saxon, A. and Weisman, J. D. and Pozalski, I. and Field Services Division, Epidemiology Program Office, CDC}, title = {Pneumocystis pneumonia --- Los Angeles}, journal = {MMWR}, year = {1981}, volume = {30}, pages = {1-3}, number = {21} } @BOOK{Greenland1987, title = {Evolution of epidemiologic ideas : annotated readings on concepts and methods}, publisher = {Epidemiology Resources}, year = {1987}, author = {Greenland, Sander}, address = {Chestnut Hill, Mass.}, note = {edited by Sander Greenland. ill. ; 25 cm. Reprint of articles from various sources.}, keywords = {Epidemiology Methodology. Epidemiologic Methods trends. Epidemiology trends.} } @ARTICLE{Greer1989, author = {Greer, J. M. and Panush, R. S.}, title = {Incomplete lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arch Intern Med}, year = {1989}, volume = {149}, pages = {2473-6}, number = {11}, note = {0003-9926 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*pathology/therapy Male Middle Aged Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Retrospective Studies} } @ARTICLE{Griffin2000, author = {Griffin, J. M. and Blossom, S. J. and Jackson, S. K. and Gilbert, K. M. and Pumford, N. R.}, title = {Trichloroethylene accelerates an autoimmune response by Th1 T cell activation in MRL +/+ mice}, journal = {Immunopharmacology}, year = {2000}, volume = {46}, pages = {123-37}, number = {2}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands}, abstract = {Trichloroethylene (1,1,2-trichloroethene) is a major environmental contaminant. There is increasing evidence relating exposure to trichloroethylene with autoimmunity. To investigate potential mechanisms, we treated the autoimmune-prone MRL +/+ mice with trichloroethylene in the drinking water at 0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/ml and sacrificed them at 4, 8 and 22 weeks. As early as 4 weeks of treatment, Western blot analysis showed a dose-dependent increase in the level of trichloroethylene-modified proteins, indicating that a reactive metabolite of trichloroethylene was formed. Significant increases in antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and total serum immunoglobulins were found following 4-8 weeks of trichloroethylene treatment, indicating that trichloroethylene was accelerating an autoimmune response. Investigation into possible mechanisms of this autoimmune response revealed that trichloroethylene treatment dramatically increased the expression of the activation marker CD44 on splenic CD4+ T cells at 4 weeks. In addition, splenic T cells from mice treated for 4 weeks with trichloroethylene secreted more IFN-gamma and less IL-4 than control T cells, consistent of a T-helper type 1 (Th1) type immune or inflammatory response. A specific immune response directed against dichloroacetylated proteins was found at 22 weeks of trichloroethylene treatment. Taken collectively, the results suggest that trichloroethylene treatment accelerated an autoimmune response characteristic of MRL +/+ mice in association with nonspecific activation of Th1 cells. In addition, long-term treatment with trichloroethylene led to the initiation of a trichloroethylene-specific immune response.}, keywords = {Animals Autoantibodies/*blood Biotransformation Blotting, Western Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity Female Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects Mice Mice, Inbred MRL lpr Th1 Cells/*drug effects/immunology Trichloroethylene/pharmacokinetics/*toxicity} } @ARTICLE{Halkidi2001, author = {Halkidi, M. and Batistakis, Y. and Vazirgiannis, M.}, title = {On clustering validation techniques}, journal = {Journal of Intelligent Information Systems}, year = {2001}, volume = {17}, pages = {107-145}, number = {2-3}, note = {493ZC Times Cited:69 Cited References Count:32}, abstract = {Cluster analysis aims at identifying groups of similar objects and, therefore helps to discover distribution of patterns and interesting correlations in large data sets. It has been subject of wide research since it arises in many application domains in engineering, business and social sciences. Especially, in the last years the availability of huge transactional and experimental data sets and the arising requirements for data mining created needs for clustering algorithms that scale and can be applied in diverse domains. This paper introduces the fundamental concepts of clustering while it surveys the widely known clustering algorithms in a comparative way. Moreover, it addresses an important issue of clustering process regarding the quality assessment of the clustering results. This is also related to the inherent features of the data set under concern. A review of clustering validity measures and approaches available in the literature is presented. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the issues that are under-addressed by the recent algorithms and gives the trends in clustering process.}, keywords = {clustering algorithms unsupervised learning cluster validity validity indices fuzzy algorithm number} } @ARTICLE{Han2005, author = {Han, B. K. and White, A. M. and Dao, K. H. and Karp, D. R. and Wakelan, E. K. and Davis, L. S.}, title = {Increased prevalence of activated CD70+CD4+ T cells in the periphery of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {598-606}, number = {8}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by loss of immune tolerance. A hallmark of SLE is the presence of autoantibodies resulting from B cell hyperactivity. Previous studies have shown that the presence of abnormal B cell subsets in the periphery, such as CD27highCD20- B cells, correlate with disease activity. We examined the relationship between the expression of CD70, the ligand for CD27 expressed by activated T cells, and indicators of disease activity. A significant increase in median CD70+CD4+ T cell frequencies and memory CD45RA-CD4+ T cell frequencies was observed in SLE samples as compared to healthy controls. The frequencies of CD70+CD4+ T cells correlated with disease duration but not age, treatment, or disease activity. Although a majority of CD70+CD4+ T cells appeared to be effector memory cells, mitogen-stimulated CD70+CD4+ T cells were capable of secreting a full repertoire of effector cytokines. Despite the presence of activated CD4+ T cells, no increase in immunosenescent CD4+ T cells, as defined by the loss of CD28 and/or the acquisition of CD57 was observed in samples from SLE patients. These studies indicate that increased CD70 expression might serve as a useful marker of abnormal T cell activity in SLE.}, keywords = {Adult Antigens, CD/*metabolism Antigens, CD45/metabolism CD4 Lymphocyte Count CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*metabolism Case-Control Studies Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/*immunology Lymphocyte Activation Membrane Proteins/*metabolism Middle Aged T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*metabolism Tumor Necrosis Factors/*metabolism} } @ARTICLE{Hanly2004, author = {Hanly, J. G.}, title = {ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: limitations and revisions to neuropsychiatric variables}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {861-4}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {There are a wide variety of neurologic (N) and psychiatric (P) manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which extend beyond those identified in the current American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SLE. Several attempts have been made to devise a classification of NP-SLE manifestations. The most recent is the ACR nomenclature and case definitions for 19 NP lupus syndromes which currently provides the best means of a standardized approach to categorize NP events in SLE patients. Data from a number of studies has indicated a wide variability in the prevalence of the 19 NP syndromes. On the basis of these findings and utilizing the guidelines provided in the case definitions for diagnosis and exclusion of confounding variables, it is proposed to examine a number of NP manifestations for possible inclusion in revised classification and diagnostic criteria for SLE.}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/classification/*diagnosis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't} } @ARTICLE{Hanly2004a, author = {Hanly, J. G. and McCurdy, G. and Fougere, L. and Douglas, J. A. and Thompson, K.}, title = {Neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus: attribution and clinical significance}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2004}, volume = {31}, pages = {2156-62}, number = {11}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Canada}, keywords = {Adult Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use Central Nervous System/*pathology Fatigue/etiology/pathology Female Health Status Humans Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use Kidney Diseases/etiology/pathology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/drug therapy/pathology Lupus Nephritis/complications/*pathology *Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/etiology/pathology/physiopathology Male Nova Scotia Peripheral Nervous System/*pathology Quality of Life Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Hanly2005, author = {Hanly, J. G. and Urowitz, M. B. and Sanchez-Guerrero, J. and Bae, S. C. and Clarke, A. and Gordon, C. and Isenberg, D. and Alarcon, G. and Wallace, D. J. and Petri, M. and Dooley, M. A. and Gladman, D. and Fortin, P. and Merrill, J. T. and Manzi, S. and Steinsson, K. and Bruce, I. and Aranow, C. and Zoma, A. and Van Vollenhoven, R. and Sturfelt, G. and Nived, O. and Ramsey-Goldman, R. and Khamashta, M.}, title = {Attribution of neuropsychiatric events at diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {2005}, volume = {52}, pages = {S727-S727}, number = {9}, note = {Suppl. S} } @ARTICLE{Hanly2007, author = {Hanly, J. G. and Urowitz, M. B. and Sanchez-Guerrero, J. and Bae, S. C. and Gordon, C. and Wallace, D. J. and Isenberg, D. and Alarcon, G. S. and Clarke, A. and Bernatsky, S. and Merrill, J. T. and Petri, M. and Dooley, M. A. and Gladman, D. and Fortin, P. R. and Steinsson, K. and Bruce, I. and Manzi, S. and Khamashta, M. and Zoma, A. and Aranow, C. and Ginzler, E. and Van Vollenhoven, R. and Font, J. and Sturfelt, G. and Nived, O. and Ramsey-Goldman, R. and Kalunian, K. and Douglas, J. and Thompson, K. and Farewell, V.}, title = {Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus - An international inception cohort study}, journal = {Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {2007}, volume = {56}, pages = {265-273}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Hardy1999, author = {Hardy, C. J. and Palmer, B. P. and Muir, K. R. and Powell, R. J.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and hair treatment: a large community based case-control study}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1999}, volume = {8}, pages = {541-4}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article England}, keywords = {Case-Control Studies Female Great Britain Hair Dyes/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced Male Multivariate Analysis Retrospective Studies Risk Assessment} } @ARTICLE{Hardy1998, author = {Hardy, C. J. and Palmer, B. P. and Muir, K. R. and Sutton, A. J. and Powell, R. J.}, title = {Smoking history, alcohol consumption, and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {1998}, volume = {57}, pages = {451-5}, number = {8}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England}, keywords = {Adult Aged *Alcohol Drinking Case-Control Studies Ethanol/administration & dosage Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Retrospective Studies Risk Factors Smoking/*adverse effects Smoking Cessation Social Class} } @INCOLLECTION{Hartigan1996, author = {Hartigan, John A.}, title = {Introduction}, booktitle = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, editor = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, pages = {1-3}, address = {Singapore ; River Edge, NJ}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @ARTICLE{Hay1995, author = {Hay, E. M.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Baillieres Clin Rheumatol}, year = {1995}, volume = {9}, pages = {437-70}, number = {3}, note = {0950-3579 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Assessing patients with SLE is difficult because of the heterogeneity of the disease. The Revised 1982 ARA Classification Criteria set has been widely accepted for classifying SLE patients for inclusion in clinical studies, but it is not appropriate for making the diagnosis of SLE in an individual and is not helpful for classifying patients with early or mild disease in population based epidemiological studies. Further refinement of this criteria set to meet these objectives and to facilitate subdivision of patients with SLE into those with similar clinical, serological or genetic features poses a future challenge for the clinical epidemiologist. A number of valid and reliable indices are available for measuring clinical disease activity in SLE (Table 3). Despite their different approaches they have been shown to correlate well with each other and hence would appear to be measuring the same thing. The exact choice of instrument will be dictated by the purpose for which it is required. Although none is perfect they are useful for monitoring groups of patients in outcome studies in a research setting. Practically, disease activity indices are unlikely to be appropriate for dictating treatment decisions in individual cases: an instrument comprehensive and flexible enough for this purpose would undoubtedly be far too cumbersome for widespread use. Ultimately such fine tuning will continue to rely upon the skill and intuition of experienced physicians.}, keywords = {Humans *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/classification/diagnosis/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Healy2005, author = {Healy, P. J. and Helliwell, P. S.}, title = {Classification of the spondyloarthropathies}, journal = {Curr Opin Rheumatol}, year = {2005}, volume = {17}, pages = {395-9}, number = {4}, note = {1040-8711 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The spondyloarthropathies are a group of conditions which share similar clinical features. Classification criteria permit separation of the conditions, allow better targeting of therapies, better measurement of outcomes, and better prognostic information. Early diagnosis remains problematic, but validated criteria for established disease are now emerging. RECENT FINDINGS: Histopathology and histochemistry are providing a better understanding of the underlying process of inflammatory arthritis in spondyloarthropathy and other inflammatory arthritides. Early disease, however, continues to challenge current criteria. Sophisticated imaging with magnetic resonance imaging is being increasingly used and is proving useful for early diagnosis as well as helping to understand the pathophysiology of disease. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis continues to provide problems and criteria have recently been modified to allow a greater clinical utility and inclusion of more patients. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis appears to be a heterogeneous clinical entity, with a group looking more like rheumatic fever and a group with spondyloarthropathy traits. It may be that the association is not streptococcal, but is a throat infection. Currently available criteria for psoriatic arthritis have been evaluated in a large cohort. Four of the criteria performed well with high specificity and sensitivity whereas the other two had moderate specificity and low sensitivity. It was shown that rheumatoid factor positivity does not exclude a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis--the single most important clinical feature of this condition being the presence of psoriasis. SUMMARY: The spondyloarthropathy classification criteria continue to be an area of development. This is most apparent in juvenile arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The latter is currently undergoing intense scrutiny to develop classification criteria and outcome measures.}, keywords = {Biological Markers/analysis Diagnosis, Differential Early Diagnosis Histocytochemistry Humans Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sensitivity and Specificity Spondylarthropathies/*classification/diagnosis/physiopathology Synovial Membrane/chemistry/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Heliovaara1993, author = {Heliovaara, M. and Aho, K. and Aromaa, A. and Knekt, P. and Reunanen, A.}, title = {SMOKING AND RISK OF RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS}, journal = {Journal of Rheumatology}, year = {1993}, volume = {20}, pages = {1830-1835}, number = {11} } @ARTICLE{Hess1995, author = {Hess, E. V. and Farhey, Y.}, title = {Etiology, environmental relationships, epidemiology, and genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Curr Opin Rheumatol}, year = {1995}, volume = {7}, pages = {371-5}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Review United states}, abstract = {The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the many lupuslike syndromes continues to challenge investigators. Focus is now on the role of heat-shock proteins, apoptosis, the possible role of diet factors, and in particular, the role of lipids. The role of various infections as either triggering mechanisms or in contributing to morbidity is receiving close attention. In particular, retroviruses are being carefully studied with all the molecular tools available. This area has real promise and carries with it the possibility of anti-infection treatments. Considerably more attention is being paid to the hormonal aspects of SLE and their modulation of the immune system. Environmental associations continue to intrigue investigators and clinicians, and both drugs and other environmental factors provide excellent investigational models. We continue to need good prevalence and incidence studies. Genetically, there is an increasing sophistication in the type of studies, and the ensuing data may well provide real insights into various subsets of SLE.}, keywords = {*Environment Humans Incidence Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/*etiology/*genetics Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Hochberg1985, author = {Hochberg, M. C.}, title = {The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Baltimore, Maryland, 1970-1977}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1985}, volume = {28}, pages = {80-6}, number = {1}, note = {2-p60-am20558/am/niaddk Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, abstract = {The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus, based on first hospital discharge diagnosis, in Baltimore, Maryland for the years 1970 through 1977 was determined for individual sex-race groups and the total population. Age-specific incidence rates were consistently highest among black females and lowest among white males: rates for white females exceeded those for black males through age 54, but then declined for ages greater than or equal to 55. Mean age at diagnosis was significantly lower for black females versus white females (35.5 versus 41.7 years, P = 0.005) and for all females versus all males (37.2 versus 44.2 years, P = 0.012). There were no temporal trends noted in yearly age-adjusted incidence rates during the 8-year study period. The overall population incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus was 4.6 per 100,000 per year, representing a twofold increase over a comparable study done in New York City 15 years ago.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Factors Aged European Continental Ancestry Group Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/physiopathology Male Maryland Middle Aged Patient Discharge Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Hofer2002, author = {Hofer, M. and Southwood, T. R.}, title = {Classification of childhood arthritis}, journal = {Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, pages = {379-96}, number = {3}, note = {1521-6942 (Print) Historical Article Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The classification of the juvenile arthritides is an evolving process which has yet to achieve its ultimate goal of delineating biologically distinct disease groups with predictable outcomes and responses to treatment. There have been considerable advances, however, since the first attempts at classification over 100 years ago, as the clinical heterogeneity of juvenile arthritis has become understood. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the historical milestones in classification, the most recent proposals for developing a unified, international classification, and the published literature aimed at evaluating the classification process. In conclusion, it is recommended that all clinicians involved in paediatric rheumatology take part in the ongoing process of juvenile arthritis classification by the prospective collection of standardized clinical data.}, keywords = {Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/*history Child History, Early Modern 1451-1600 History, Modern 1601- Humans} } @ARTICLE{Holman1994, author = {Holman, H. R.}, title = {Thought barriers to understanding rheumatic diseases}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1994}, volume = {37}, pages = {1565-72}, number = {11}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology Autoimmunity Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/mortality Research Design Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Rheumatic Diseases/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Holsapple2002, author = {Holsapple, M. P.}, title = {Autoimmunity by pesticides: a critical review of the state of the science}, journal = {Toxicol Lett}, year = {2002}, volume = {127}, pages = {101-9}, number = {1-3}, note = {Journal Article Review Netherlands}, abstract = {The goals of this paper will be to present a critical review of the state of the science of pesticides and autoimmunity, and to discuss research that addresses the potential links between environmental chemicals and autoimmune disease. To date, the science of immunotoxicology has primarily focused on immunosuppression and hypersensitivity/allergy, and test methods are available to address these outcomes. So much progress has been made to address immunosuppression and contact sensitization that there are regulatory guidelines in the U.S. included in the registration of pesticides. In contrast, there are no validated approaches to assess autoimmunity. The overall objective of this paper will be to use pesticides as an important class of environmental chemicals to critically evaluate the state of the science for addressing chemical-induced autoimmunity. Specific examples of studies with pesticides will be discussed in the context of the following types of approaches: animal studies using standard immunotoxicological parameters; animal studies using specialized models of autoimmunity; human studies after environmental or occupational exposure; and human studies after accidental poisoning.}, keywords = {Animals Autoantibodies/blood Autoimmune Diseases/*chemically induced/immunology Autoimmunity/*drug effects/immunology Environmental Exposure/adverse effects Humans Occupational Exposure/adverse effects Pesticides/*adverse effects/toxicity} } @ARTICLE{Hou2005, author = {Hou, T. Y. and Chang, D. M. and Gao, H. W. and Chen, C. H. and Chen, H. C. and Lai, J. H.}, title = {Sweet's syndrome as an initial presentation in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review of the literature}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {399-402}, number = {5}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Malar or discoid rash is the most frequent specific cutaneous lesion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophilic dermatosis as an initial presentation in SLE is unusual. We describe a 38-year old female patient who primarily suffered from erythematous tender plaques and fever. Examination of skin biopsy of the plaques showed dense neutrophilic infiltration in the dermis. Polyarthritis, heavy proteinuria, photosensitivity and positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA > 1:1280) concluded the diagnosis of SLE. The plaques disappeared completely after treatment with systemic corticosteroids. To our knowledge, this is the first reported SLE patient with Sweet's syndrome as the initial presentation in literature review.}, keywords = {Adult Female Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/diagnosis/drug therapy Prednisolone/therapeutic use Sweet's Syndrome/*etiology/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Huang2006, author = {Huang, J. L. and Hung, J. J. and Wu, K. C. and Lee, W. I. and Chan, C. K. and Ou, L. S.}, title = {Septic arthritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: salmonella and nonsalmonella infections compared}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {36}, pages = {61-7}, number = {1}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Huang2001, author = {Huang, S. H. and Hubbs, A. F. and Stanley, C. F. and Vallyathan, V. and Schnabel, P. C. and Rojanasakul, Y. and Ma, J. K. and Banks, D. E. and Weissman, D. N.}, title = {Immunoglobulin responses to experimental silicosis}, journal = {Toxicol Sci}, year = {2001}, volume = {59}, pages = {108-17}, number = {1}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States an official journal of the Society of Toxicology}, abstract = {Silicosis is a crippling fibrotic lung disease induced by inhalation of crystalline silica. One feature of silicosis is systemic and pulmonary immune dysfunction characterized in part by elevations in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) immunoglobulins. A major specific aim of the current report was to demonstrate that an experimental model of silicosis previously well characterized for the development of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis would also exhibit increased levels of serum and BAL IgG and IgM similar to those of human silicosis. We also sought to document the anatomic compartments responsible for these immunoglobulin responses. To address these specific aims, we compared levels of IgG and IgM in serum and BAL from rats with experimental silicosis induced by inhalation of silica with levels of these immunoglobulins in titanium dioxide (TiO(2))- and sham (air)-exposed controls. The ability of mononuclear cell populations from lung, lung-associated lymph node, and spleen to produce IgG and IgM ex vivo were also compared. We found that experimental silicosis was associated with elevated IgG and IgM levels in blood and BAL relative to the control groups. Our findings also suggested that draining lung-associated lymph nodes (LALN) were the most important sites for increased IgG and IgM production in experimental silicosis, with lungs contributing to a lesser degree. Increased production in the LALN appeared related to marked expansion in total numbers, but not relative proportion, of B lymphocytes.}, keywords = {Administration, Inhalation Animals B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology/immunology Cells, Cultured Disease Models, Animal Flow Cytometry Hydroxyproline/metabolism Immunoglobulin G/*blood Immunoglobulin M/*blood Inhalation Exposure Lung/immunology/metabolism/pathology Lymph Nodes/immunology/pathology Male Organ Size/drug effects Rats Rats, Inbred F344 Silicon Dioxide/administration & dosage/metabolism/toxicity Silicosis/blood/etiology/*immunology Spleen/immunology/pathology Titanium/toxicity} } @ARTICLE{Huang1998, author = {Huang, Z. X.}, title = {Extensions to the k-means algorithm for clustering large data sets with categorical values}, journal = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery}, year = {1998}, volume = {2}, pages = {283-304}, number = {3}, abstract = {The k-means algorithm is well known for its efficiency in clustering large data sets. However, working only on numeric values prohibits it from being used to cluster real world data containing categorical values. In this paper we present two algorithms which extend the k-means algorithm to categorical domains and domains with mixed numeric and categorical values. The k-modes algorithm uses a simple matching dissimilarity measure to deal with categorical objects, replaces the means of clusters with modes, and uses a frequency-based method to update modes in the clustering process to minimise the clustering cost function. With these extensions the k-modes algorithm enables the clustering of categorical data in a fashion similar to k-means. The k-prototypes algorithm, through the definition of a combined dissimilarity measure, further integrates the k-means and k-modes algorithms to allow for clustering objects described by mixed numeric and categorical attributes. We use the well known soybean disease and credit approval data sets to demonstrate the clustering performance of the two algorithms. Our experiments on two real world data sets with half a million objects each show that the two algorithms are efficient when clustering large data sets, which is critical to data mining applications.} } @ARTICLE{Huang2003, author = {Huang, Z. X. and Ng, M. K.}, title = {A note on K-modes clustering}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, pages = {257-261}, number = {2}, abstract = {Recently, Chaturvedi, Green and Carroll (2001) presented a nonparametric approach to deriving clusters from categorical data using a new clustering procedure called K-modes. Huang (1998) proposed the K-modes clustering algorithm. In this note, we demonstrate the equivalence of the two K-modes procedures.} } @ARTICLE{Hughes1998, author = {Hughes, G. R.}, title = {Is it lupus? The St. Thomas' Hospital "alternative" criteria}, journal = {Clin Exp Rheumatol}, year = {1998}, volume = {16}, pages = {250-2}, number = {3}, note = {Case Reports Journal Article Italy}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Agoraphobia/diagnosis Anti-Infective Agents/immunology Antiphospholipid Syndrome/diagnosis Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diagnosis Blood Sedimentation C-Reactive Protein/analysis Complement C4/analysis Diagnosis, Differential Fatigue/diagnosis Female Humans Lupus/*classification/*diagnosis/immunology Lymphopenia/diagnosis Multiple Sclerosis/*diagnosis/immunology Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis Tendinopathy/diagnosis Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Hunder1998, author = {Hunder, G. G.}, title = {The use and misuse of classification and diagnostic criteria for complex diseases}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, year = {1998}, volume = {129}, pages = {417-8}, number = {5}, note = {0003-4819 (Print) Comment Editorial}, keywords = {Humans Practice Guidelines/standards Vasculitis/*classification/*diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Isenberg2004, author = {Isenberg, D.}, title = {Anti-dsDNA antibodies: still a useful criterion for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {881-5}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The presence of antibodies to dsDNA has been a criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in each of three attempts to classify the disease that have been undertaken by the American College of Rheumatology. The generally good specificity of the test, the fact that it is widely available and often undertaken by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which is relatively cheap and easy to perform have encouraged its continued presence in the list of lupus criteria. The detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies is not, however, straightforward and the real significance of the presence of these antibodies, their true specificity (or otherwise), the question of whether they are truly linked to disease pathogenicity and how accurately they reflect disease activity are all questions that have been posed in the past 20 years.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/*analysis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis Sensitivity and Specificity} } @INCOLLECTION{Isenberg1998, author = {Isenberg, D. A. and Horsfall, A. C.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus--adult onset}, booktitle = {Oxford textbook of rheumatology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Maddison, P. J.}, pages = {733-755}, address = {Oxford ; New York}, edition = {2nd}, note = {98149774 edited by P.J. Maddison ... [et al.]. ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. v. 1. Sections 1-4 and index -- v. 2. Sections 5-6 and index.}, keywords = {Rheumatology. Joints Diseases. Connective tissues Diseases. Arthritis. Rheumatic Diseases.} } @ARTICLE{Jennekens2002, author = {Jennekens, F. G. and Kater, L.}, title = {The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 2. Pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical syndromes: a literature investigation}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2002}, volume = {41}, pages = {619-30}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify the pathogenetic mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as described in the literature. METHODS: Using PUBMED, we performed a systematic search of publications from 1980 onwards. Studies were eligible if they had been performed on patients or material from patients with CNS manifestations and definite SLE and when the CNS manifestations were not secondary. Criteria were formulated for the identification of pathogenetic mechanisms. RESULTS: The single most important cause of the CNS syndromes of SLE is ischaemia due to narrowing or occlusion of small vessels, arteries and veins. Antiphospholipid antibodies and premature atherosclerosis play roles in these processes, but they have not been delineated definitely. Intracranial and intraspinal haemorrhages are much less frequent than ischaemia and are presumably in part due directly to SLE. Vasculitis may cause ischaemia or haemorrhage in the CNS and is involved occasionally, as shown by imaging and histological findings. White matter damage is heterogeneous and ill-understood. It includes white matter degeneration and myelin vacuolation of the spinal cord, and reversible leucoencephalopathy due to oedema. Antibody-induced neuronal dysfunction in the CNS is a realistic hypothesis and may involve anti-ribosomal P antibodies and several other antibodies. Deficiency of psychological reactions forms a separate and entirely different category of mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Causes have been identified or possible causes have been suggested for most of the CNS syndromes of SLE, thus offering rationales for different forms of prevention and therapy.}, keywords = {Brain Ischemia/pathology Humans Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/*etiology/*pathology Terminology Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Jennekens2002a, author = {Jennekens, F. G. and Kater, L.}, title = {The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Part 1. Clinical syndromes: a literature investigation}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2002}, volume = {41}, pages = {605-18}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To establish the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as described in the literature and to compare the results with two previously published classifications. METHODS: Using PUBMED, a systematic search was performed for publications from 1980 onwards on CNS syndromes of patients with SLE. A distinction was made between CNS syndromes induced by SLE and the CNS autoimmune diseases associated with SLE. Criteria were defined for inclusion of CNS syndromes or diseases as SLE-induced or SLE-associated. RESULTS: The literature search yielded names of 30 syndromes and two diseases, but only 16 syndromes and one disease fulfilled the set of predefined criteria. Two syndromes-depression and anxiety-were predominantly psychological in origin in most patients; other syndromes were biological. DISCUSSION: Strengths and weaknesses of two classifications of CNS syndromes are evaluated. The older of the two is long and has not been accepted fully. Brevity is an advantage of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) nomenclature system. A disadvantage of this system is the concealment of differences in health risks by the pooling of items. Furthermore, the items of the system do not all belong to the same dimension: one is pathological and the others are clinical. To remedy these drawbacks, we suggest the rephrasing and subdivision of items and that the predominantly psychopathological syndromes should be dealt with separately in epidemiological studies. CONCLUSIONS: SLE may induce 16 different clinical syndromes of the CNS and is occasionally associated with one other CNS autoimmune disease. A modification of the ACR nomenclature system is proposed.}, keywords = {Brain Diseases/etiology Cognition Disorders/etiology Humans Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/*complications/*diagnosis/psychology Syndrome Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Jimenez-Alonso2002, author = {Jimenez-Alonso, J. and Sabio, J. M. and Perez-Alvarez, F. and Reche, I. and Hidalgo, C. and Jaimez, L.}, title = {Hair dye treatment use and clinical course in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and cutaneous lupus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2002}, volume = {11}, pages = {430-4}, number = {7}, note = {Grupo Lupus Virgen de las Nieves Journal Article England}, abstract = {The etiological role of hair dye treatment (HDT), some of them such as permanent hair dyes containing aromatic amines, in the development of SLE has been previously ruled out. However, the possible influence of HDT use on the course and prognosis of lupus patients has been assessed only in one short-term study. Since HDT is very extensive among the population, the knowledge of this possible negative effect may be very important. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the long-term influence of several HDTs on the course and clinical severity of patients with both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus (CL). In this longitudinal case series study, 91 SLE patients and 22 CL patients were prospectively studied from October 1988 to May 2000. They were divided into three groups: (a) non-HDT users--patients who have never used HDT (n = 65); (b) P-HDT users--HDT permanent type users, alone or in combination with other types of HDT (n = 28); (c) non P-HDT--users of other treatments different from permanent tinting (bleach, lowlights, etc; n = 20). In each patient we determined: (1) number of flares/year in SLE patients and worsening of cutaneous lesions for CL; (2) Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage index; (3) predominant damaged organs/systems according to the HDT use and type of HDT; and (4) subjective impression about the disease evolution in relation to HDT use. No significant differences were found with respect to flares/year and SLICC/ACR damage index between the study groups. Non-HDT group presented more renal involvement and serositis than both HDT-user groups. No patient related the HDT use to the worsening of his disease. Therefore, in this study no evidence of an association between the long-term use of several types of HDT and the clinical activity and course of SLE and CL was found.}, keywords = {Adult Female Follow-Up Studies Hair Dyes/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/*etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology Male Middle Aged Questionnaires Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Kane2003, author = {Kane, D. and Stafford, L. and Bresnihan, B. and FitzGerald, O.}, title = {A classification study of clinical subsets in an inception cohort of early psoriatic peripheral arthritis--'DIP or not DIP revisited'}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2003}, volume = {42}, pages = {1469-76}, number = {12}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use Arthritis, Psoriatic/*classification/drug therapy/radiography Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Foot/radiography Hand/radiography Humans Male Middle Aged Severity of Illness Index Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Kao2004, author = {Kao, A. H. and Manzi, S. and Ramsey-Goldman, R.}, title = {Review of ACR hematologic criteria in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {865-8}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Anemia, Hemolytic/complications Hematologic Diseases/*complications Humans Leukopenia/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*diagnosis Lymphopenia/complications Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Thrombocytopenia/complications} } @ARTICLE{Kardestuncer1997, author = {Kardestuncer, T. and Frumkin, H.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus in relation to environmental pollution: an investigation in an African-American community in North Georgia}, journal = {Arch Environ Health}, year = {1997}, volume = {52}, pages = {85-90}, number = {2}, note = {K07 es00257/es/niehs Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, abstract = {The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus is not well understood, although gender, race, genetic predisposition, and certain drugs are risk factors. Several environmental exposures have been implicated. In this study, we examined the prevalence and incidence of lupus in an African-American community that experienced long-standing exposures to industrial emissions. We hypothesized that lupus was elevated among residents of a specific community in Gainesville, Georgia. We included both a retrospective cohort study and a cross-sectional study designed to assess the incidence and prevalence, respectively, of lupus. The prevalence of lupus was 3 cases/300 persons (1000/100,000). Compared with the highest reported prevalence, this represents a 6-fold increase. The incidence of lupus was 3 cases/4709 person-years (63.7 cases/100,000 person-years). Compared with the highest reported incidence, this represents a 9-fold increase. The hypothesis that environmental toxins may induce lupus is consistent with the known ability of certain medications to do the same. The results suggest that long-standing exposure to industrial emissions may be associated with an increased risk of lupus.}, keywords = {*African Americans/statistics & numerical data Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Environmental Pollution/*adverse effects/statistics & numerical data Female Georgia/epidemiology Humans Incidence Industry Interviews/methods Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/*etiology Male Prevalence Retrospective Studies} } @ARTICLE{Karlson2005, author = {Karlson, E. W. and Costenbader, K. H. and McAlindon, T. E. and Massarotti, E. M. and Fitzgerald, L. M. and Jajoo, R. and Husni, E. and Wright, E. A. and Pankey, H. and Fraser, P. A.}, title = {High sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire among urban African-American women}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {832-6}, number = {10}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Clinical Trial Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult *African Americans European Continental Ancestry Group False Negative Reactions Female Hispanic Americans Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/ethnology Massachusetts/epidemiology Middle Aged Population Surveillance/*methods Predictive Value of Tests *Questionnaires Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Sensitivity and Specificity *Urban Population} } @ARTICLE{Kasitanon2006, author = {Kasitanon, N. and Magder, L. S. and Petri, M.}, title = {Predictors of survival in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)}, year = {2006}, volume = {85}, pages = {147-56}, number = {3}, note = {Journal Article United States}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Child Child, Preschool Demography Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*mortality/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Prospective Studies *Risk Assessment Sex Factors Socioeconomic Factors *Survival Analysis Time Factors United States/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Katz1991, author = {Katz, J. N. and Liang, M. H.}, title = {Classification criteria revisited}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1991}, volume = {34}, pages = {1228-30}, number = {10}, note = {Comment Editorial United states}, keywords = {Humans Reproducibility of Results Rheumatic Diseases/*classification Sensitivity and Specificity} } @ARTICLE{Kavanaugh2000, author = {Kavanaugh, A. and Tomar, R. and Reveille, J. and Solomon, D. H. and Homburger, H. A.}, title = {Guidelines for clinical use of the antinuclear antibody test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens}, journal = {Archives of Pathology \& Laboratory Medicine}, year = {2000}, volume = {124}, pages = {71-81}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Kavanaugh2002, author = {Kavanaugh, A. F. and Solomon, D. H. and Schur, P. and Reveille, J. D. and Sherrer, Y. R. S. and Lahita, R.}, title = {Guidelines for immunologic laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases: An introduction}, journal = {Arthritis \& Rheumatism-Arthritis Care \& Research}, year = {2002}, volume = {47}, pages = {429-433}, number = {4} } @ARTICLE{Keane2000, author = {Keane, M. P. and Lynch, J. P., 3rd}, title = {Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Thorax}, year = {2000}, volume = {55}, pages = {159-66}, number = {2}, note = {Hl03906/hl/nhlbi P50hl56402/hl/nhlbi Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review England} } @ARTICLE{Kell2004, author = {Kell, D. B. and Oliver, S. G.}, title = {Here is the evidence, now what is the hypothesis? The complementary roles of inductive and hypothesis-driven science in the post-genomic era}, journal = {Bioessays}, year = {2004}, volume = {26}, pages = {99-105}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology} } @ARTICLE{Kettenring2006, author = {Kettenring, J. R.}, title = {The practice of cluster analysis}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {3-30}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Khan1995, author = {Khan, M. F. and Kaphalia, B. S. and Prabhakar, B. S. and Kanz, M. F. and Ansari, G. A.}, title = {Trichloroethene-induced autoimmune response in female MRL +/+ mice}, journal = {Toxicol Appl Pharmacol}, year = {1995}, volume = {134}, pages = {155-60}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United states} } @ARTICLE{Khanna2005, author = {Khanna, D.}, title = {Ayurvedic medicine: it is "time" for scientifically sound studies}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {34}, pages = {703-4}, number = {5}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Kilburn1996, author = {Kilburn, K. H.}, title = {Geographic clusters of systemic lupus erythematosus: comment on the review by Wallace and Quismorio}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1996}, volume = {39}, pages = {1935-7}, number = {11}, note = {Comment Letter United states} } @ARTICLE{Kilburn1992, author = {Kilburn, K. H. and Warshaw, R. H.}, title = {Prevalence of symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies associated with chronic exposure to trichloroethylene and other chemicals in well water}, journal = {Environ Res}, year = {1992}, volume = {57}, pages = {1-9}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article United states} } @ARTICLE{Klemperer1950, author = {Klemperer, P.}, title = {The Concept of Collagen Diseases}, journal = {American Journal of Pathology}, year = {1950}, volume = {26}, pages = {505-519}, number = {4}, note = {Un665 Times Cited:213 Cited References Count:80} } @ARTICLE{Klemperer1942, author = {Klemperer, P. and Pollack, A. D. and Baehr, G.}, title = {Diffuse collagen disease - Acute disseminated lupus erythematosus and diffuse scleroderma}, journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association}, year = {1942}, volume = {119}, pages = {331-332} } @ARTICLE{Kramers1996, author = {Kramers, K. and Stemmer, C. and Monestier, M. and van Bruggen, M. C. and Rijke-Schilder, T. P. and Hylkema, M. N. and Smeenk, R. J. and Muller, S. and Berden, J. H.}, title = {Specificity of monoclonal anti-nucleosome auto-antibodies derived from lupus mice}, journal = {J Autoimmun}, year = {1996}, volume = {9}, pages = {723-9}, number = {6}, note = {0896-8411 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Krieger1999, author = {Krieger, Abba M. and Green, Paul E.}, title = {A Cautionary Note on Using Internal Cross Validation to Select the Number of Clusters}, journal = {Psychometrika}, year = {1999}, volume = {64}, pages = {341-353}, number = {3} } @ARTICLE{Krishnan2006, author = {Krishnan, S. and Chowdhury, B. and Tsokos, G. C.}, title = {Autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus: integrating genes and biology}, journal = {Semin Immunol}, year = {2006}, volume = {18}, pages = {230-43}, number = {4}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, keywords = {Animals Autoimmunity Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics/*immunology Signal Transduction Variation (Genetics)} } @ARTICLE{Kuncheva2006, author = {Kuncheva, L. I. and Vetrov, D. P.}, title = {Evaluation of stability of k-means cluster ensembles with respect to random initialization}, journal = {IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell}, year = {2006}, volume = {28}, pages = {1798-808}, number = {11}, note = {Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Journal Article United States}, abstract = {Many clustering algorithms, including cluster ensembles, rely on a random component. Stability of the results across different runs is considered to be an asset of the algorithm. The cluster ensembles considered here are based on k-means clusterers. Each clusterer is assigned a random target number of clusters, k and is started from a random initialization. Here, we use 10 artificial and 10 real data sets to study ensemble stability with respect to random k, and random initialization. The data sets were chosen to have a small number of clusters (two to seven) and a moderate number of data points (up to a few hundred). Pairwise stability is defined as the adjusted Rand index between pairs of clusterers in the ensemble, averaged across all pairs. Nonpairwise stability is defined as the entropy of the consensus matrix of the ensemble. An experimental comparison with the stability of the standard k-means algorithm was carried out for k from 2 to 20. The results revealed that ensembles are generally more stable, markedly so for larger k. To establish whether stability can serve as a cluster validity index, we first looked at the relationship between stability and accuracy with respect to the number of clusters, k. We found that such a relationship strongly depends on the data set, varying from almost perfect positive correlation (0.97, for the glass data) to almost perfect negative correlation (-0.93, for the crabs data). We propose a new combined stability index to be the sum of the pairwise individual and ensemble stabilities. This index was found to correlate better with the ensemble accuracy. Following the hypothesis that a point of stability of a clustering algorithm corresponds to a structure found in the data, we used the stability measures to pick the number of clusters. The combined stability index gave best results.}, keywords = {*Algorithms *Artificial Intelligence *Cluster Analysis Computer Simulation Image Enhancement/*methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/*methods Information Storage and Retrieval/*methods Models, Statistical Pattern Recognition, Automated/*methods Random Allocation Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity} } @ARTICLE{Kyttaris2006, author = {Kyttaris, V. C. and Krishnan, S. and Tsokos, G. C.}, title = {Systems biology in systemic lupus erythematosus: integrating genes, biology and immune function}, journal = {Autoimmunity}, year = {2006}, volume = {39}, pages = {705-9}, number = {8}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {Overactive B cells, abnormally activated T cells and inappropriate handling of cellular debris by the innate immune system are central in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Genetic studies in SLE patients have unraveled allelic variations in genes encoding key molecules that control inter- and intra-cellular signaling and play a role in the abnormal handling of apoptotic material. Despite recent breakthroughs though, it is still unclear how exactly genes and environment interact to produce the characteristic immune dysregulation in SLE.}, keywords = {Animals Autoantibodies/immunology Autoantigens/immunology Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*genetics/*immunology Signal Transduction/*immunology *Systems Biology} } @INCOLLECTION{Lahita, author = {Lahita}, title = {Introduction}, booktitle = {SLE?} } @ARTICLE{Lawman2002, author = {Lawman, S. and Ehrenstein, M. R.}, title = {Many paths lead to lupus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2002}, volume = {11}, pages = {801-6}, number = {12}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Animals Disease Models, Animal Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics/*immunology Mice Mice, Knockout Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't} } @ARTICLE{Laxer1993, author = {Laxer, R. M.}, title = {What's in a name: the nomenclature of juvenile arthritis}, journal = {J Rheumatol Suppl}, year = {1993}, volume = {40}, pages = {2-3}, note = {0380-0903 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/epidemiology Child Humans Societies, Medical *Terminology United States/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Le2005, author = {Le, S. Q. and Ho, T. B.}, title = {An association-based dissimilarity measure for categorical data}, journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters}, year = {2005}, volume = {26}, pages = {2549-2557}, number = {16}, abstract = {In this paper, we propose a novel method to measure the dissimilarity of categorical data. The key idea is to consider the dissimilarity between two categorical values of an attribute as a combination of dissimilarities between the conditional probability distributions of other attributes given these two values. Experiments with real data show that our dissimilarity estimation method improves the accuracy of the popular nearest neighbor classifier. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.} } @INCOLLECTION{Le2006, author = {Le, S. Q. and Ho, T. B. and Vinh, L. S.}, title = {Association-based dissimilarity measures for categorical data: Limitation and improvement}, booktitle = {Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Proceedings}, year = {2006}, volume = {3918}, series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {493-498}, abstract = {Measuring the similarity for categorical data is a challenging task in data mining due to the poor structure of categorical data. This paper presents a dissimilarity measure for categorical data based on the relations among attributes. This measure not only has the advantage of value variance but also overcomes the limitations of condition the probability-based measure when applied to databases whose attributes are independent, Experiments with 30 databases also showed that the proposed measure boosted the accuracy of Nearest Neighbor classification in comparison with other tested measures.} } @ARTICLE{Lee2005, author = {Lee, C. W. and Sung, Y. K. and Bae, S. C.}, title = {An unusual form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus over the eyelid in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {564-5}, number = {7}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Letter}, keywords = {Adult Edema/etiology/*pathology Erythema/etiology/*pathology Eyelid Diseases/etiology/*pathology Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/*pathology} } @ARTICLE{LeRoy1980, author = {LeRoy, E. C. and Maricq, H. R. and Kahaleh, M. B.}, title = {Undifferentiated connective tissue syndromes}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1980}, volume = {23}, pages = {341-3}, number = {3}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, keywords = {Connective Tissue Diseases/*classification/diagnosis Humans Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/*classification/diagnosis *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Lewis2005, author = {Lewis, E. J. and Schwartz, M. M.}, title = {Pathology of lupus nephritis}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {31-8}, number = {1}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The glomerular pathology of lupus nephritis is the result of diverse immune insults which are probably of independent pathogenetic origins. Although lupus nephritis is looked upon as a classic example of immune complex-induced microvascular injury resulting from circulating DNA double stranded polynucleotide antigens/anti-DNA antibody complexes, other mechanisms, including in situ reactivity of free antibody with fixed antigens and the role of sensitized T-cells, are probably an important part of the picture. This complexity makes categorization of glomerular pathology into a clinically relevant classification an important goal so that our experiences can be reliably compared. This review describes the various glomerular lesions commonly encountered in lupus nephritis and, based upon data derived from experimental models, emphasizes the importance of understanding the clinical relevance of the reported morphology. We point out that the severity of glomerular damage is not merely the accrued result of immune complex induced injury to individual capillaries, but involves capillary necrosis and thrombosis, neither of which may have anything to do with immune complexes or immune aggregates. In fact, the segmental lesions of glomerular capillary necrosis and thrombosis may have a great deal to do with the response to therapy and the ultimate outcome of the patient. While discrete morphologic lesions such as mesangiopathy, acute inflammation, necrosis, thrombosis, epimembranous lesions and podocytopathy are readily described, it is important to note that any given case can represent any combination of these insults. In this context, the new proposed International Society of Nephrology Classification is presented and its strengths and weaknesses discussed.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology Humans Kidney Glomerulus/immunology/*pathology Lupus Nephritis/classification/immunology/*pathology} } @ARTICLE{Li2006, author = {Li, B. B.}, title = {A new approach to cluster analysis: the clustering-function-based method}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Statistical Methodology}, year = {2006}, volume = {68}, pages = {457-476}, note = {Part 3}, abstract = {The purpose of the paper is to present a new statistical approach to hierarchical cluster analysis with n objects measured on p variables. Motivated by the model of multivariate analysis of variance and the method of maximum likelihood, a clustering problem is formulated as a least squares optimization problem, simultaneously solving for both an n-vector of unknown group membership of objects and a linear clustering function. This formulation is shown to be linked to linear regression analysis and Fisher linear discriminant analysis and includes principal component regression for tackling multicollinearity or rank deficiency, polynomial or B-splines regression for handling non-linearity and various variable selection methods to eliminate irrelevant variables from data analysis. Algorithmic issues are investigated by using sign eigenanalysis.} } @ARTICLE{Li2006a, author = {Li, T.}, title = {A unified view on clustering binary data}, journal = {Machine Learning}, year = {2006}, volume = {62}, pages = {199-215}, number = {3}, abstract = {Clustering is the problem of identifying the distribution of patterns and intrinsic correlations in large data sets by partitioning the data points into similarity classes. This paper studies the problem of clustering binary data. Binary data have been occupying a special place in the domain of data analysis. A unified view of binary data clustering is presented by examining the connections among various clustering criteria. Experimental studies are conducted to empirically verify the relationships.} } @ARTICLE{Liang1999, author = {Liang, M. H. and Corzillius, M. and Bae, S. C. and Lew, R. A. and Fortin, P. R. and Gordon, C. and Isenberg, D. and Alarcon, G. S. and Straaton, K. V. and Denburg, S. and Esdaile, J. M. and Glanz, B. I. and Karlson, E. W. and Khoshbin, S. and Rogers, M. P. and Schur, P. H. and Hanly, J. G. and Kozora, E. and West, S. and Lahita, R. G. and Lockshin, M. D. and McCune, J. and Moore, P. M. and Petri, M. and Roberts, W. N. and Sanchez-Guerrero, J. and Veilleux, M. and Brey, R. and Cornblath, W. D. and Filley, C. M. and Fisk, J. D. and Harten, P. and Hay, E. M. and Iverson, G. and Levine, S. R. and Waterhouse, E. and Wallace, D. J. and Winer, J. B.}, title = {The American College of Rheumatology Nomenclature and Case Definitions for Neuropsychiatric Lupus Syndromes}, journal = {Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {1999}, volume = {42}, pages = {599-608}, number = {4} } @ARTICLE{Liuzzo2005, author = {Liuzzo, G. and Giubilato, G. and Pinnelli, M.}, title = {T cells and cytokines in atherogenesis}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {732-5}, number = {9}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Recent findings suggest that inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis from the earliest stage of lesion initiation, to the ultimate complication of thrombosis. In patients who died because of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), coronary atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by the presence of macrophages, and to a lesser extent T-lymphocytes, at the immediate site of either plaque rupture or superficial erosion. The rupture-related inflammatory cells are activated, indicating ongoing inflammation. ACS patients are also characterized by activated circulating lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, and by increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and of the highly sensitive acute phase reactant C-reactive protein. Interestingly, an unusual subset of T cells, CD4+ CD28null T cells, involved in vascular complication of rheumatoid arthritis because of their functional profile predisposing for vascular injury, are expanded in the peripheral blood and infiltrate the coronary lesions of ACS patients. The presence of activated T lymphocytes implies antigenic stimulation, but the nature of such antigen(s) remains to be investigated. Several autoantigens expressed in the atherosclerotic plaque, including oxidized LDL and heat shock proteins, and infectious agents are able to elicit an immune response. The inflammatory component is not localized to the 'culprit' plaque, but it is diffused to the entire coronary vascular bed, and involves also the myocardium.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Atherosclerosis/*immunology/pathology Cytokines/*immunology Humans Inflammation/immunology Lymphocyte Activation T-Lymphocytes/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Lockshin1989, author = {Lockshin, M. D.}, title = {What is SLE?}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1989}, volume = {16}, pages = {419-20}, number = {4}, note = {Editorial Canada}, keywords = {Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis Serologic Tests} } @ARTICLE{Lockshin2002, author = {Lockshin, M. D.}, title = {Sex ratio and rheumatic disease}, journal = {Autoimmun Rev}, year = {2002}, volume = {1}, pages = {162-7}, number = {3}, note = {Journal Article Review Netherlands}, abstract = {Some thyroid, rheumatic and hepatic diseases consistently have high female:male ratios, but many autoimmune diseases do not. Gonadal hormones, if they play a role in determining sex ratios, likely do so through a threshold or permissive mechanism. Sex differences related to X-inactivation, imprinting, X or Y chromosome genetic modulators, and intrauterine influences, exposures, vulnerable periods, or thresholds are alternative, theoretical, explanations for sex differences of incidence.}, keywords = {Aged Animals Autoimmunity/*immunology Female Humans Incidence Male Rheumatic Diseases/genetics/*immunology *Sex Ratio} } @ARTICLE{Lockshin2002a, author = {Lockshin, M. D.}, title = {Sex ratio and rheumatic disease: excerpts from an Institute of Medicine report}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2002}, volume = {11}, pages = {662-6}, number = {10}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {Some autoimmune diseases have high female/male (F/M) ratios. Definitions and classifications of autoimmune diseases differ, as do the F/M ratios themselves. The sex ratio of lupus is the single most prominent, little explored clinical fact that may lead to understanding of how lupus and other autoimmune diseases occur. The objective of this study was to evaluate evidence for causes of high F/M ratios of autoimmune and non-immunologic diseases. This was done by a literature review. Some thyroid, rheumatic and hepatic diseases consistently have high F/M ratios; other autoimmune diseases have low ratios. Because F/M ratios reflect disease incidence, not disease severity, an intrinsic biologic cause for the F/M ratios (such as estrogen) would be likely to act through a threshold or permissive mechanism rather than through quantitative immunomodulation. Sex differences related to environmental exposure, X-inactivation, imprinting, X or Y chromosome genes and intrauterine influences are other possible explanations for sex differences of incidence. The epidemiology of the sex discrepant autoimmune diseases, young, female, suggests that an explanation for sex discrepancy lies in differential exposure, vulnerable periods or thresholds, rather than in quantitative aspects of immunomodulation.}, keywords = {Behavior/physiology Environment Estrogens/physiology Humans Rheumatic Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics/psychology *Sex Ratio} } @ARTICLE{Lodhi2004, author = {Lodhi, A. B. and Carter, J. D. and Valeriano, J. and Vasey, F. B.}, title = {Can we classify psoriatic arthritis?}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {34}, pages = {571-2}, number = {3}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Editorial}, keywords = {Arthritis, Psoriatic/*classification/*pathology Humans Rheumatology/*methods} } @ARTICLE{Lom-Orta1980, author = {Lom-Orta, H. and Alarcon-Segovia, D. and Diaz-Jouanen, E.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus. Differences between patients who do, and who do not, fulfill classification criteria at the time of diagnosis}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1980}, volume = {7}, pages = {831-7}, number = {6}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {We compared 31 patients who did, and 31 patients who did not, fulfill 4 or more criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the time of diagnosis. Twenty-one of the latter 31 patients eventually developed enough manifestations to fulfill classification criteria. Ten never did despite average follow-up of 41 months. Patients who did not fulfill criteria at the time of diagnosis frequently had more thrombocytopenia and/or hemolytic anemia and continued to have fewer manifestations during the course of their disease than those who did. Failure to include this subject of SLE in studies with series of SLE patients may give a distorted picture of the disease.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Blood Sedimentation Child Comparative Study Female Humans Hypergammaglobulinemia/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/complications/diagnosis Male Middle Aged} } @ARTICLE{Lom-Orta1980a, author = {Lom-Orta, H. and Alarcon-Segovia, D. and Diaz-Jouanen, E.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus. Differences between patients who do, and who do not, fulfill classification criteria at the time of diagnosis}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1980}, volume = {7}, pages = {831-7}, number = {6}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {We compared 31 patients who did, and 31 patients who did not, fulfill 4 or more criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the time of diagnosis. Twenty-one of the latter 31 patients eventually developed enough manifestations to fulfill classification criteria. Ten never did despite average follow-up of 41 months. Patients who did not fulfill criteria at the time of diagnosis frequently had more thrombocytopenia and/or hemolytic anemia and continued to have fewer manifestations during the course of their disease than those who did. Failure to include this subject of SLE in studies with series of SLE patients may give a distorted picture of the disease.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Blood Sedimentation Child Comparative Study Female Humans Hypergammaglobulinemia/complications Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/complications/diagnosis Male Middle Aged} } @ARTICLE{Maddison2002, author = {Maddison, P. and Farewell, V. and Isenberg, D. and Aranow, C. and Bae, S. C. and Barr, S. and Buyon, J. and Fortin, P. and Ginzler, E. and Gladman, D. and Hanly, J. and Manzi, S. and Nived, O. and Petri, M. and Ramsey-Goldman, R. and Sturfelt, G.}, title = {The rate and pattern of organ damage in late onset systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2002}, volume = {29}, pages = {913-7}, number = {5}, note = {Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Journal Article Canada}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the extent and type of damage in patients with late onset and earlier onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI). METHODS: A total of 86 SLE patients with disease onset after the age of 54 years were matched for center, sex, and ethnic origin with 155 SLE patients with disease onset before the age of 40 years. SDI scores were obtained at one year and 5 years after the diagnosis of SLE. Analysis was based on conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: SDI scores were higher in the late onset group than in younger patients at both one [mean 0.7 (range 0-3) vs 0.3 (range 0-3); p < 0.001] and 5 years [mean 1.6 (range 0-8) vs 0.9 (range 0-7); p < 0.001] after diagnosis. There was also a difference in the pattern of organ damage. While damage to the skin, kidneys, and central nervous system occurred with similar frequency, late onset disease was characterized by significantly more cardiovascular (OR 14.13, p < 0.001), ocular (OR 9.38, p = 0.001), and musculoskeletal (OR 2.68, p = 0.016) damage and malignancy (OR 7.04, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of organ damage assessed by the SDI is greater in patients with late onset SLE than in younger patients and, by this criterion, lupus cannot be judged to be more benign in this age group. Also, the pattern of damage is different, but whether this reflects age per se or the effect of the disease in the elderly remains to be established.}, keywords = {Adult Age of Onset Aged Aged, 80 and over Disease Progression Female Humans Logistic Models Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology/*physiopathology Male Middle Aged Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Maddison2002a, author = {Maddison, P. J.}, title = {Is it SLE?}, journal = {Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol}, year = {2002}, volume = {16}, pages = {167-80}, number = {2}, note = {1521-6942 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, as yet of unknown aetiology, with diverse clinical manifestations and a variable course and prognosis. The diagnosis is based on recognizing the overall pattern of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. However, even today, there is often a significant delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Over the last two decades there has been great progress in identifying the profile of antinuclear antibodies that characterizes SLE, and in this chapter we describe how serological techniques can be important tools for the clinician in the early diagnosis of this disorder. Also described is the lupus band test, which has rather fallen out of favour as a diagnostic tool but which can still provide valuable evidence for the diagnosis in patients in whom the clinical and serological features are inconclusive. Nevertheless, because the presentation of lupus is protean, and the early manifestations are often non-specific, SLE can still be easily confused with a wide range of other conditions. Here, we describe some of the common clinical conundrums encountered in patients referred to the Lupus Clinic to 'rule out lupus', providing a framework for diagnosis. Finally, the chapter considers the major problem that clinicians who treat patients with SLE frequently face in distinguishing between a flare of lupus and infection. Diagnosis of SLE is still a great clinical challenge, and while it is important to recognize patients with potentially aggressive disease and treat them appropriately at an early stage it is also important to be able to recognize patients with potentially benign disease and avoid over-treatment.}, keywords = {Diagnosis, Differential Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/immunology/therapy Serologic Tests} } @ARTICLE{Madeira2004, author = {Madeira, S. C. and Oliveira, A. L.}, title = {Biclustering algorithms for biological data analysis: A survey}, journal = {Ieee-Acm Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatiocs}, year = {2004}, volume = {1}, pages = {24-45}, number = {1}, abstract = {A large number of clustering approaches have been proposed for the analysis of gene expression data obtained from microarray experiments. However, the results from the application of standard clustering methods to genes are limited. This limitation is imposed by the existence of a number of experimental conditions where the activity of genes is uncorrelated. A similar limitation exists when clustering of conditions is performed. For this reason, a number of algorithms that perform simultaneous clustering on the row and column dimensions of the data matrix has been proposed. The goal is to find submatrices, that is, subgroups of genes and subgroups of conditions, where the genes exhibit highly correlated activities for every condition. In this paper, we refer to this class of algorithms as biclustering. Biclustering is also referred in the literature as coclustering and direct clustering, among others names, and has also been used in fields such as information retrieval and data mining. In this comprehensive survey, we analyze a large number of existing approaches to biclustering, and classify them in accordance with the type of biclusters they can find, the patterns of biclusters that are discovered, the methods used to perform the search, the approaches used to evaluate the solution, and the target applications.} } @ARTICLE{Manzi2004, author = {Manzi, S. and Ahearn, J. M. and Salmon, J.}, title = {New insights into complement: a mediator of injury and marker of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {298-303}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review England}, abstract = {Studies performed during the past several decades have demonstrated a role for the complement system in both the etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However the specifically defective molecular and cellular pathways responsible for the disease and its complications have generally not been identified. In this report, we describe two recent advances in complement pathobiology that highlight future directions for promising investigation toward enhancing our capacity to diagnose SLE, to monitor activity of the disease, and to identify molecular and cellular defects in SLE that can be targeted by therapeutic inhibitors of complement activation. In the first example, we describe recently developed assays to detect erythrocyte C4d and complement receptor 1 for diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity in SLE. In the second example, we describe a recently discovered role for complement in mediating fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome and discuss the potential for this observation to facilitate identification and development of complement based biomarkers to predict poor fetal outcome in pregnant patients with SLE. These two examples are meant to underscore the importance of complement in the etiology and pathogenesis of SLE and its complications, and to stress the need for further investigation focused on the link between the complement system and SLE.}, keywords = {Biological Markers/blood Complement Activation Complement System Proteins/*physiology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*blood/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Marmont2006, author = {Marmont, A. M. and Gualandi, F. and van Lint, M. T. and Guastoni, C. and Bacigalupo, A.}, title = {Long term complete remission of severe nephrotic syndrome secondary to diffuse global (IV-G) lupus nephritis following autologous, haematopoietic peripheral stem (CD34+) cell transplantation}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {44-6}, number = {1}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article}, abstract = {Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become an accepted powerful therapeutic procedure for patients with severe, intractable SLE. Here we describe a 26-year old patient with stage IV-G diffuse global proliferative lupus nephritis and refractory nephrotic syndrome who responded to autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation (ASCT) after two mobilization procedures. Five years later the patient is in complete clinical and immunologic remission. The indications for ASCT and its mechanism of action are briefly discussed.}, keywords = {Adult Antigens, CD34/immunology Biopsy Follow-Up Studies Humans Kidney Glomerulus/pathology Lupus Nephritis/*complications/pathology Male Nephrotic Syndrome/etiology/pathology/*surgery Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation/*methods Severity of Illness Index Time Factors Transplantation, Autologous/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Marshall2001, author = {Marshall, R. J.}, title = {The use of classification and regression trees in clinical epidemiology}, journal = {J Clin Epidemiol}, year = {2001}, volume = {54}, pages = {603-9}, number = {6}, note = {0895-4356 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {A critique is presented of the use of tree-based partitioning algorithms to formulate classification rules and identify subgroups from clinical and epidemiological data. It is argued that the methods have a number of limitations, despite their popularity and apparent closeness to clinical reasoning processes. The issue of redundancy in tree-derived decision rules is discussed. Simple rules may be unlikely to be "discovered" by tree growing. Subgroups identified by trees are often hard to interpret or believe and net effects are not assessed. These problems arise fundamentally because trees are hierarchical. Newer refinements of tree technology seem unlikely to be useful, wedded as they are to hierarchical structures.}, keywords = {*Algorithms *Epidemiologic Research Design Humans Regression Analysis} } @ARTICLE{McCarty1995, author = {McCarty, D. J. and Manzi, S. and Medsger, T. A., Jr. and Ramsey-Goldman, R. and LaPorte, R. E. and Kwoh, C. K.}, title = {Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, pages = {1260-70}, number = {9}, note = {Ar-41607/ar/niams Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult *African Americans Aged Child Child, Preschool *European Continental Ancestry Group Female Humans Incidence Infant Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology Male Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Pennsylvania/epidemiology Registries Sex Distribution} } @ARTICLE{McCarty1993, author = {McCarty, D. J. and Tull, E. S. and Moy, C. S. and Kwoh, C. K. and LaPorte, R. E.}, title = {Ascertainment corrected rates: applications of capture-recapture methods}, journal = {Int J Epidemiol}, year = {1993}, volume = {22}, pages = {559-65}, number = {3}, note = {R01-dk 24021/dk/niddk T32-dk 07410/dk/niddk Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. England}, abstract = {Accurate rates, though fundamental to epidemiology, are often very difficult to obtain. Incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates have traditionally been established through either passive reporting surveillance systems, through active surveillance systems, or by a combination of the two methods. Typically, when researchers employ these approaches they do not formally evaluate or correct for the degree of underascertainment. Undercount of cases is a potent determinant of rates which we cannot continue to ignore. We believe all rates should be adjusted for underascertainment in order to achieve a truer picture of the risk and risk factors of disease. Here, we present a procedure to ascertainment correct rates based upon well established capture-recapture methods.}, keywords = {*Epidemiologic Methods *Health Surveys Humans Incidence Mortality Population Surveillance Prevalence Reproducibility of Results} } @ARTICLE{McClain2004, author = {McClain, M. T. and Arbuckle, M. R. and Heinlen, L. D. and Dennis, G. J. and Roebuck, J. and Rubertone, M. V. and Harley, J. B. and James, J. A.}, title = {The prevalence, onset, and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies prior to diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {50}, pages = {1226-32}, number = {4}, note = {Ai-24717/ai/niaid Ai-31584/ai/niaid Ar-42460/ar/niams Ar-45084/ar/niams Ar-45231/ar/niams Ar-48940/ar/niams Rr-14467/rr/ncrr Rr-15577/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult African Americans Age of Onset Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/*blood European Continental Ancestry Group Female Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*immunology Male Middle Aged Seroepidemiologic Studies Severity of Illness Index Sex Distribution Thrombosis/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{McLachlan2004, author = {McLachlan, G. J. and Chang, S. U.}, title = {Mixture modelling for cluster analysis}, journal = {Statistical Methods in Medical Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {347-361}, number = {5}, abstract = {Cluster analysis via a finite mixture model approach is considered. With this approach to clustering, the data can be partitioned into a specified number of clusters g by first fitting a mixture model with g components. An outright clustering of the data is then obtained by assigning an observation to the component to which it has the highest estimated posterior probability of belonging; that is, the ith cluster consists of those observations assigned to the ith component (i = 1,..., g). The focus is on the use of mixtures of normal components for the cluster analysis of data that can be regarded as being continuous. But attention is also given to the case of mixed data, where the observations consist of both continuous and discrete variables.} } @ARTICLE{McShane2002, author = {McShane, L. M. and Radmacher, M. D. and Freidlin, B. and Yu, R. and Li, M. C. and Simon, R.}, title = {Methods for assessing reproducibility of clustering patterns observed in analyses of microarray data}, journal = {Bioinformatics}, year = {2002}, volume = {18}, pages = {1462-9}, number = {11}, note = {Comparative Study Evaluation Studies Journal Article Validation Studies England}, abstract = {MOTIVATION: Recent technological advances such as cDNA microarray technology have made it possible to simultaneously interrogate thousands of genes in a biological specimen. A cDNA microarray experiment produces a gene expression 'profile'. Often interest lies in discovering novel subgroupings, or 'clusters', of specimens based on their profiles, for example identification of new tumor taxonomies. Cluster analysis techniques such as hierarchical clustering and self-organizing maps have frequently been used for investigating structure in microarray data. However, clustering algorithms always detect clusters, even on random data, and it is easy to misinterpret the results without some objective measure of the reproducibility of the clusters. RESULTS: We present statistical methods for testing for overall clustering of gene expression profiles, and we define easily interpretable measures of cluster-specific reproducibility that facilitate understanding of the clustering structure. We apply these methods to elucidate structure in cDNA microarray gene expression profiles obtained on melanoma tumors and on prostate specimens.}, keywords = {*Cluster Analysis DNA/classification/genetics Gene Expression Profiling/methods Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics Humans Male Melanoma/classification/*genetics Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods Pattern Recognition, Automated Prostatic Hyperplasia/classification/*genetics Prostatic Neoplasms/classification/*genetics Quality Control Reference Values Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Sequence Alignment/*methods Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods Stochastic Processes} } @ARTICLE{Merrill2004, author = {Merrill, J. T.}, title = {Antibodies and clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome as criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {869-76}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) can occur as a primary diagnosis or as a prominent feature of other diseases, predominantly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The 1982 revised criteria for SLE were published prior to many of the studies which have illuminated current understanding of the antiphospholipid syndrome and several current clinical criteria for SLE, when arising from thrombotic damage to different organ systems, could be attributed to APS, leading to some confusion about where the diagnoses of these two disorders should begin and end. Additionally, APS is a significant generalized risk factor for irreversible organ damage and overall mortality in SLE patients and genetic linkages to HLA in APS hold up whether the disorder is primary or linked to SLE. It is increasingly recognized that APS itself is a complex, heterogenous disorder, involving a spectrum of autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding proteins, many of which have known coagulation-regulating functions. Although the combination of more than one antiphospholipid-related antibody might indicate a more severe phenotype, it is not suggested here that additive criteria for the diagnosis of SLE be accumulated with more than one of these pathologically related autoantibodies. Patients with multiple criteria for APS should be considered to have severe APS but it would be recommended to restrict APS-attributed criteria for SLE to a maximal of two: one immunologic and one clinical. Thus people meeting the Sapporo criteria for APS could gain only a maximum of two criteria for SLE, regardless of how many autoantibodies were detected or how severe the clinical syndrome might be. This would allow manifestations of fullblown APS an appropriate impact towards the diagnosis of SLE without leading to a premature diagnosis of SLE for people who might better be considered to have moderate to severe primary APS.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/*analysis Antiphospholipid Syndrome/complications/*diagnosis Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications/*diagnosis/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Miller2006, author = {Miller, S. B.}, title = {Prostaglandins in health and disease: an overview}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {36}, pages = {37-49}, number = {1}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Prostaglandins are a group of biologically active compounds that play major roles in human physiology in both health and disease. They function in many different ways and in all major organs. This article reviews the basic physiology of prostaglandins and their application to specific effects on these systems in normal and abnormal clinical states. The critical therapeutic implications of the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in altering organ homeostasis are also examined. METHODS: References were taken from Medline, Embase, and Index Medicus from 1966 to September 2005. A search was done with keywords, including prostaglandins, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, inflammation, arachidonic acid, Cox-1 (cyclooxygenase-1), and Cox-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). RESULTS: There was a close correlation and predictability between basic prostaglandin physiology and the anticipated effects of these compounds on the heart, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, bones and joints, brain, and male and female reproductive systems. These effects are organ and tissue specific. Despite these findings, unexplained and sometimes paradoxical physiologic responses were identified. A prime example of this is the role of prostaglandins in bone metabolism demonstrating both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. In addition all NSAIDs have the potential to impair the normal physiologic effects of prostaglandins depending primarily on the specific organ and the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: Prostaglandins are regulatory compounds that play important roles in many physiologic processes in the human body. An understanding of the basic science of prostaglandins is valuable in anticipating the organ-specific biologic effects of these unique compounds in health and disease. However, at selected sites and under different physiologic conditions, unexplained and sometimes paradoxical effects are generated. Impairment of their regulatory functions can lead to significant short- or long-term organ dysfunction.} } @INCOLLECTION{Milligan1996, author = {Milligan, Glenn W.}, title = {Clustering Validation: Results and Implications for Applied Analyses}, booktitle = {Clustering and classification}, publisher = {World Scientific}, year = {1996}, editor = {Arabie, Phipps and Hubert, Lawrence J. and Soete, Geert de}, pages = {341-375}, note = {editors, P. Arabie, L.J. Hubert, G. De Soete. ill. ; 23 cm.}, keywords = {Cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis.} } @ARTICLE{Miyakis2006, author = {Miyakis, S. and Lockshin, M. D. and Atsumi, T. and Branch, D. W. and Brey, R. L. and Cervera, R. and Derksen, R. H. and PG, D. E. Groot and Koike, T. and Meroni, P. L. and Reber, G. and Shoenfeld, Y. and Tincani, A. and Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G. and Krilis, S. A.}, title = {International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)}, journal = {J Thromb Haemost}, year = {2006}, volume = {4}, pages = {295-306}, number = {2}, note = {Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Jth}, abstract = {New clinical, laboratory and experimental insights, since the 1999 publication of the Sapporo preliminary classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), had been addressed at a workshop in Sydney, Australia, before the Eleventh International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies. In this document, we appraise the existing evidence on clinical and laboratory features of APS addressed during the forum. Based on this, we propose amendments to the Sapporo criteria. We also provide definitions on features of APS that were not included in the updated criteria.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/blood Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*classification/complications/diagnosis/immunology Female Heart Diseases/etiology Humans Kidney Diseases/etiology Nervous System Diseases/etiology Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications/classification/diagnosis/immunology Prognosis Risk Factors Skin Diseases/etiology Thrombocytopenia/etiology} } @ARTICLE{Mohr1991, author = {Mohr, C. and Gemsa, D. and Graebner, C. and Hemenway, D. R. and Leslie, K. O. and Absher, P. M. and Davis, G. S.}, title = {Systemic macrophage stimulation in rats with silicosis: enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from alveolar and peritoneal macrophages}, journal = {Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol}, year = {1991}, volume = {5}, pages = {395-402}, number = {4}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United states}, abstract = {In silicosis, alveolar macrophages (AM) are thought to induce chronic inflammation and fibrosis by release of cytokines. Rats were exposed to aerosols of alpha-quartz and examined 4 to 9 mo later for persistence of silica particles and release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from macrophages. Silica particles were detected in AM, lung parenchyma, and thoracic lymphoid organs, whereas extrathoracic lymphoid tissues and organs were free of the mineral. When AM were tested functionally, no spontaneous release of TNF-alpha was observed. However, upon in vitro stimulation of AM from silicotic rats with a low concentration of lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml), abundant TNF-alpha production was found that was higher and occurred more rapidly than with AM from sham-exposed animals. Peritoneal macrophages, which did not have contact with silica particles, displayed a similarly enhanced TNF-alpha release in response to low doses of lipopolysaccharide. These data demonstrate a state of systemic preactivation ("priming") of macrophages that supports the notion that silicosis is associated with a general immunostimulation.}, keywords = {Animals Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry Kinetics Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism Lung/metabolism/pathology Macrophages/*metabolism Male Peritoneal Cavity/cytology Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology Rats Rats, Inbred F344 Silicosis/*metabolism Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism} } @ARTICLE{Mok2003, author = {Mok, C. C. and Lau, C. S.}, title = {Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Clin Pathol}, year = {2003}, volume = {56}, pages = {481-90}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {The exact patho-aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains elusive. An extremely complicated and multifactorial interaction among various genetic and environmental factors is probably involved. Multiple genes contribute to disease susceptibility. The interaction of sex, hormonal milieu, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis modifies this susceptibility and the clinical expression of the disease. Defective immune regulatory mechanisms, such as the clearance of apoptotic cells and immune complexes, are important contributors to the development of SLE. The loss of immune tolerance, increased antigenic load, excess T cell help, defective B cell suppression, and the shifting of T helper 1 (Th1) to Th2 immune responses leads to B cell hyperactivity and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Finally, certain environmental factors are probably required to trigger the disease.}, keywords = {Antibody Formation Autoantibodies/immunology B-Lymphocytes/immunology Cytokines/immunology Female Genes, MHC Class II Genetic Predisposition to Disease HLA-DR2 Antigen/genetics HLA-DR3 Antigen/genetics Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics/immunology Male Polymorphism, Genetic Self Tolerance Th1 Cells/immunology Th2 Cells/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Molina2002, author = {Molina, H.}, title = {Update on complement in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Curr Opin Rheumatol}, year = {2002}, volume = {14}, pages = {492-7}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Review United States}, abstract = {Complement is involved in inflammation and in the optimization of adaptive responses. Abnormalities in the complement system have been associated with autoimmunity, especially systemic lupus erythematosus. A paradoxic relation exits between complement and lupus. Complement-mediated tissue damage is accepted as a mechanism in disease pathophysiology. Conversely, complement exerts a protective effect in disease development. The theoretic framework explaining this protective influence involves the adequate disposal of apoptotic material by classic pathway components. Inadequate clearance of apoptotic material may evoke a proinflammatory autoimmune response. This conceptual model is substantiated by studies indicating that complement receptor genes are within major susceptibility loci of systemic lupus erythematosus, that functional and structural abnormalities in these receptors are found in lupus mouse models, and that genetic polymorphism of lectin pathway genes correlates with increased risk of disease development. Finally, new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on complement regulation have been described in the past year.}, keywords = {Animals Complement Activation/physiology Complement System Proteins/*physiology Disease Models, Animal Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/physiopathology} } @ARTICLE{Narain2004, author = {Narain, S. and Richards, H. B. and Satoh, M. and Sarmiento, M. and Davidson, R. and Shuster, J. and Sobel, E. and Hahn, P. and Reeves, W. H.}, title = {Diagnostic accuracy for lupus and other systemic autoimmune diseases in the community setting}, journal = {Arch Intern Med}, year = {2004}, volume = {164}, pages = {2435-41}, number = {22}, note = {0003-9926 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Autoimmune Diseases/*diagnosis/drug therapy Diagnostic Errors Female Humans Lupus/*diagnosis Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis Male Predictive Value of Tests Referral and Consultation Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatology Sensitivity and Specificity} } @ARTICLE{Ng2007, author = {Ng, M. K. and Li, M. J. and Huang, J. Z. and He, Z. Y.}, title = {On the impact of dissimilarity measure in k-modes clustering algorithm}, journal = {Ieee Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}, year = {2007}, volume = {29}, pages = {503-507}, number = {3}, abstract = {This correspondence describes extensions to the k-modes algorithm for clustering categorical data. By modifying a simple matching dissimilarity measure for categorical objects, a heuristic approach was developed in [4], [12] which allows the use of the k- modes paradigm to obtain a cluster with strong intrasimilarity and to efficiently cluster large categorical data sets. The main aim of this paper is to rigorously derive the updating formula of the k- modes clustering algorithm with the new dissimilarity measure and the convergence of the algorithm under the optimization framework.} } @ARTICLE{Nguyen2005, author = {Nguyen, V. A. and Gotwald, T. and Prior, C. and Oberrnoser, G. and Sepp, N.}, title = {Acute pulmonary edema, capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage: pulmonary manifestations coexistent in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {557-60}, number = {7}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article}, abstract = {Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage are rare yet serious and life threatening complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Pulmonary manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are similar and include, apart from pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary capillaritis, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and respiratory insufficiency in patients with catastrophic APS. Herein, we described the radiological features of three patients with pulmonary and SLE-associated APS, manifested with pulmonary edema, capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage. We observed that the radiological features of pulmonary APS shared close resemblance to those of pulmonary SLE. Based on these findings, we conclude that both entities are not only histologically, but also radiologically indistinguishable from each other, suggesting a mutual pathogenetic mechanism. This raises the question of whether some of the reported lupus pneumonitis cases in the past might be manifestations of APS rather than of SLE.}, keywords = {Acute Disease Adult Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*complications/*radiography Diagnosis, Differential Female Hemoptysis/*etiology/radiography Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/*radiography Middle Aged Pulmonary Edema/*etiology/radiography Vasculitis/*etiology/radiography} } @ARTICLE{Nived2004, author = {Nived, O. and Sturfelt, G.}, title = {ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: complement components}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {877-9}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Complement is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has also a seemingly paradoxical protective role in the development of the disease. Low levels of components within the classical pathway of complement especially C1q, C4 and C3 have a high specificity for SLE diagnosis and should be considered as promising for inclusion in classification criteria of SLE.}, keywords = {Biological Markers/analysis Complement C1q/analysis Complement System Proteins/*analysis Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/classification/*diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Nived2005, author = {Nived, O. and Sturfelt, G.}, title = {Do we have blind spots in our diagnostic vision?}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2005}, volume = {32}, pages = {3-5}, number = {1}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Comment Editorial}, keywords = {*Cross-Cultural Comparison *Health Status Humans Rheumatic Diseases/*classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology Rheumatology/*methods/standards} } @ARTICLE{Nossent2005, author = {Nossent, H. C. and Rekvig, O. P.}, title = {Is closer linkage between systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies a desirable and attainable goal?}, journal = {Arthritis Res Ther}, year = {2005}, volume = {7}, pages = {85-7}, number = {2}, note = {1478-6362 (Electronic) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody test incorporated in the 1982 revised American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus needs updating to reflect current insights and technical achievements, including allowance for the presence of nonpathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies. As we need to develop at least some measure of pathogenicity of anti-dsDNA antibodies, we propose that initial anti-dsDNA antibody screening is done by sensitive ELISA and supplemented by more stringent assays. Simultaneously the relevance of anti-dsDNA antibody presence needs to be restricted to clinical manifestations, thought to be caused by anti-dsDNA antibody and within an appropriate time frame.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/*blood/immunology Antigen-Antibody Reactions Autoantigens/*immunology Autoimmune Diseases/blood/classification/diagnosis/*immunology/physiopathology Cluster Analysis Cohort Studies Collagen Diseases/blood/diagnosis/immunology DNA/*immunology Diagnosis, Differential Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Goals Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/classification/diagnosis/*immunology/physiopathology Multicenter Studies Reference Standards Sensitivity and Specificity Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Ozdemir2005, author = {Ozdemir, F. N. and Elsurer, R. and Akcay, A. and Ozdemir, B. H. and Sezer, S. and Kuscu, E. and Haberal, M.}, title = {Seronegative systemic lupus erythematosus: etiology of nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure in early postpartum period}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {629-31}, number = {8}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune syndrome that occurs most commonly in women during their reproductive years. Nephritis is known to be one of the most serious complications of SLE. Lupus nephropathy is frequently associated with ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. Rarely, serological markers may be initially absent, and in many cases, they become positive after sometime. We present a 28-year old, otherwise healthy female who admitted to our clinic with edema, hypertension, proteinuria and acute renal failure following her fourth delivery. Serum immunological markers were negative and renal biopsy showed histopathological changes consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus as the etiology of nephrotic syndrome. A dramatic therapeutic response was achieved by pulse steroid and cyclophosphamide treatment following oral steroid therapy. In women with new onset nephrotic syndrome or renal function deterioration in postpartum period, even if the patient is asymptomatic or seronegative, it is crucial to exclude SLE for a rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment in the case of lupus nephritis. Renal biopsy is of diagnostic importance in such cases in which there is no other clinical, biochemical and serological evidence of the disease.}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/*blood DNA/*immunology Female Humans Kidney Failure, Acute/blood/*etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/*complications/diagnosis Nephrotic Syndrome/blood/*etiology Puerperal Disorders/blood/*etiology} } @INCOLLECTION{Ozyer2005, author = {Ozyer, T. and Alhajj, R.}, title = {Effective clustering by iterative approach}, booktitle = {Computer and Information Sciences - Iscis 2005, Proceedings}, year = {2005}, volume = {3733}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages = {833-842}, abstract = {In this study, we present multi-objective genetic algorithm based iterative clustering approach. Two objectives are employed in the process: minimizing the within cluster similarity and maximizing the difference between the clusters: inter-cluster distance (average linkage, centroid linkage, complete linkage and average to centroid linkage) versus intra-cluster distance (total within cluster variation). The proposed approach is iterative in the sense that it basically tries possible partitioning of the dataset for the given range of clusters one by one; the result of the previous partitioning n favors that of the current solution n+1. In order to achieve this, we identified a global k-means operator and we do "what if' analysis in the aspect of the objectives to see the better initialization in case the number of clusters is increased by one. After evaluating all, a feedback mechanism is supplied at the back-end to analyze the partitioning results with different indices. The entire system has been tested with a real world dataset: glass. The reported results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.} } @ARTICLE{Panush1993, author = {Panush, R. S. and Greer, J. M. and Morshedian, K. K.}, title = {What is lupus? What is not lupus?}, journal = {Rheum Dis Clin North Am}, year = {1993}, volume = {19}, pages = {223-34}, number = {1}, note = {0889-857X (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Present understanding suggests that lupus reflects a spectrum of syndromes that share many clinical, inflammatory, and immunologic features. Those patients not fulfilling criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) do not seem to evolve frequently to classic SLE, tend to have a good prognosis, and may be managed conservatively. This is important for clinical management. Whether this pertains to etiopathogenesis is speculative and will await information not yet available.}, keywords = {Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Antiphospholipid Syndrome/diagnosis Connective Tissue Diseases/diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/immunology Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus/diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Park2005, author = {Park, J. and Ernst, E.}, title = {Ayurvedic medicine for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {34}, pages = {705-13}, number = {5}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Meta-Analysis Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicine for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Computerized literature searches for all RCTs of Ayurvedic medicine for RA in the following databases: Medline (March 1969 to March 2003), Embase (February 1985 to February 2003), AMED (March 1980 to March 2003), Cochrane Controlled Trial Register (October 1997 to March 2003), and the abstract service of Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS; 1976 to March 2003). Hand searches were performed in 1 Sri Lankan and 3 Indian journals and the authors' personal files. Key data of included studies were extracted and reviewed. The methodological quality of all studies was evaluated with the Jadad scale. RESULTS: Seven studies met our inclusion criteria. Trials tested either Ayurvedic medicine against placebo or other Ayurvedic medicines. In general, patient and physician global assessments on the severity of pain, and morning stiffness were used as endpoints. Of 3 placebo-controlled RCTs, 1 high-quality trial did not show benefit of the active treatment against placebo, while another incompletely reported study indicated beneficial effects of an Ayurvedic medicine. A further incompletely reported study showed no significant difference. The remaining 4 trials were difficult to interpret because they tested an Ayurvedic medicine against other Ayurvedic medicines whose effects were not proven. CONCLUSION: There is a paucity of RCTs of Ayurvedic medicines for RA. The existing RCTs fail to show convincingly that such treatments are effective therapeutic options for RA.}, keywords = {Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis/*therapy Comparative Study Female Humans Male *Medicine, Ayurvedic Pain Measurement Phytotherapy/*methods Prognosis Randomized Controlled Trials Range of Motion, Articular/physiology Risk Assessment Sensitivity and Specificity Severity of Illness Index Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Parks1999, author = {Parks, C. G. and Conrad, K. and Cooper, G. S.}, title = {Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and autoimmune disease}, journal = {Environ Health Perspect}, year = {1999}, volume = {107 Suppl 5}, pages = {793-802}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review United states}, abstract = {Occupational exposure to silica dust has been examined as a possible risk factor with respect to several systemic autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and some of the small vessel vasculitidies with renal involvement (e.g., Wegener granulomatosis). Crystalline silica, or quartz, is an abundant mineral found in sand, rock, and soil. High-level exposure to respirable silica dust can cause chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lung and other organs. Studies of specific occupational groups with high-level silica exposure (e.g., miners) have shown increased rates of autoimmune diseases compared to the expected rates in the general population. However, some clinic- and population-based studies have not demonstrated an association between silica exposure and risk of autoimmune diseases. This lack of effect may be due to the limited statistical power of these studies to examine this association or because the lower- or moderate-level exposures that may be more common in the general population were not considered. Experimental studies demonstrate that silica can act as an adjuvant to nonspecifically enhance the immune response. This is one mechanism by which silica might be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. Given that several different autoimmune diseases may be associated with silica dust exposure, silica dust may act to promote or accelerate disease development, requiring some other factor to break immune tolerance or initiate autoimmunity. The specific manifestation of this effect may depend on underlying differences in genetic susceptibility or other environmental exposures.}, keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology Autoimmune Diseases/*etiology/immunology Dust/adverse effects Humans Kidney Diseases/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology Occupational Diseases/*etiology/immunology Occupational Exposure Risk Assessment Scleroderma, Systemic/etiology Silicon Dioxide/*adverse effects Vascular Diseases/etiology} } @ARTICLE{Parks2005, author = {Parks, C. G. and Cooper, G. S.}, title = {Occupational exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Autoimmunity}, year = {2005}, volume = {38}, pages = {497-506}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {This review summarizes the growing body of epidemiologic and experimental research pertaining to the relationship between SLE and occupational exposures, such as crystalline silica, solvents, and pesticides. Epidemiologic studies, using different designs in different settings, have demonstrated moderate to strong associations between occupational silica exposure and SLE. Recent experimental studies of silica in lupus-prone mice provide support for the idea that, in addition to its known adjuvant effect, silica exposure increases the generation of apoptotic material, an important source of self-antigen. Despite compelling experimental studies of the organic solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in lupus-prone mice, there is little evidence of an overall association of SLE and occupational exposure to a broad classification of solvents in humans. However, there is a lack of data on SLE in occupational cohorts with exposures to TCE or other specific solvents. One epidemiologic study reported an association of pesticide mixing and SLE, while a recent experimental study reported accelerated disease in pesticide-treated lupus-prone mice. Other occupational exposures worth investigating include asbestos, metals, and UV radiation. Attention should also be given to the role of gene-environment interactions, which may require large, multi-site studies that collect both genetic material and occupational exposure data. The quality of exposure assessment is an important consideration in designing and evaluating these studies. The use of pre-clinical endpoints (e.g. high-titer autoantibodies) in occupational cohorts with well-characterized exposure histories may reveal occupational risk factors for autoimmunity, and may also provide baseline data for studies of determinants of progression to SLE.}, keywords = {Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects Risk Factors} } @ARTICLE{Parks2006, author = {Parks, C. G. and Cooper, G. S.}, title = {Occupational exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the evidence and exposure assessment methods in population- and clinic-based studies}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {728-36}, number = {11}, note = {Journal Article England}, abstract = {Epidemiologic and experimental research suggests a potential role of occupational exposures in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A plausible association has been identified in studies of occupational silica exposure and SLE, complemented by experimental studies in lupus-prone mice exploring potential mechanisms related to apoptosis and immune dysregulation. Experimental studies of the solvent trichloroethylene in lupus-prone mice provide evidence of effects on immune function, including increased production of autoantibodies and activation of CD4+ T cells. However, few studies of occupational solvent exposure and SLE have been conducted, and those that are available show little evidence of an association. There is some suggestion from the available studies of the potential influence of pesticides on SLE, but as with solvents, the specific type of pesticides that may be implicated is not known. Our understanding of the role of occupational exposures in SLE could be advanced by the development of larger, multisite or parallel studies that utilize similar questionnaire and exposure evaluation methods. Multiple studies using comparable exposure measures are needed to provide sufficient sample size for examining gene-environment interactions. We provide a general overview of data requirements and methods available for the assessment and evaluation of occupational exposures in clinical and population-based studies of SLE.} } @ARTICLE{Parks2002, author = {Parks, C. G. and Cooper, G. S. and Nylander-French, L. A. and Sanderson, W. T. and Dement, J. M. and Cohen, P. L. and Dooley, M. A. and Treadwell, E. L. and St Clair, E. W. and Gilkeson, G. S. and Hoppin, J. A. and Savitz, D. A.}, title = {Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2002}, volume = {46}, pages = {1840-50}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article United States}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Case-Control Studies Continental Population Groups Educational Status Female Humans Logistic Models Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced/epidemiology Male Middle Aged *Occupational Exposure Prevalence Silicon Dioxide/*adverse effects Southeastern United States/epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Patel2001, author = {Patel, S. and Veale, D. and FitzGerald, O. and McHugh, N. J.}, title = {Psoriatic arthritis--emerging concepts}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2001}, volume = {40}, pages = {243-6}, number = {3}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Editorial Review}, keywords = {Arthritis, Psoriatic/genetics/*immunology/*pathology Humans Incidence Prevalence Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Peponis2006, author = {Peponis, V. and Kyttaris, V. C. and Tyradellis, C. and Vergados, I. and Sitaras, N. M.}, title = {Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinical review}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {3-12}, number = {1}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Although the eye itself is regarded an 'immune-privileged' organ, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can affect every ocular structure, leading, if left untreated, to significant visual loss or even blindness. Since ocular inflammation in SLE can antedate the diagnosis of the systemic disease and cause significant morbidity, prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying systemic autoimmune disease is imperative.}, keywords = {Eye Diseases/*etiology/pathology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Peterson, author = {Peterson and Winchester, R. J.}, title = {chapter from textbook at library-- find it!} } @ARTICLE{Petri1994, author = {Petri, M.}, title = {Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Curr Opin Rheumatol}, year = {1994}, volume = {6}, pages = {481-6}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Review United states}, abstract = {Case reports, case series, and analytical clinical research studies continue to define and refine our understanding of the clinical presentation of lupus and its evolution over time. Major areas of interest in the past year have included malignancies, osteoporosis, neonatal lupus, central nervous system lupus, pregnancy, and renal disease. New emphasis has been placed on the importance of gynecologic malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Osteoporosis, especially the role of corticosteroid therapy in the development of osteoporosis, remains a controversial area, particularly in premenopausal women. The poor outcome of many infants with neonatal lupus has been documented in several reports. A more sensitive brain imaging test for central nervous system lupus--brain single photon emission computed tomography--has been introduced. The effect of pregnancy on disease activity and the appropriate use of second-line agents in pregnancy have been reviewed. The importance of hypertension and other clinical variables in predicting renal outcome (as opposed to reliance on renal biopsy findings) was emphasized in two studies.}, keywords = {Female Heart Block/congenital/immunology Humans Infant, Newborn Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/congenital/physiopathology Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications} } @ARTICLE{Petri1992, author = {Petri, M. and Allbritton, J.}, title = {Hair product use in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case-control study}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1992}, volume = {35}, pages = {625-9}, number = {6}, note = {1r29 hl-47080-01/hl/nhlbi Ocr rr-00722/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine if hair product use is associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether SLE patients who use hair products have more severe disease. METHOD. A questionnaire on hair product use was administered to 218 members of the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, 178 first- or second-degree relatives, and 186 best friends of the patients. RESULTS. There was no significant difference in exposure to hair dye or hair permanent in SLE patients before the diagnosis of SLE as compared with controls, nor were there any significant differences in measures of SLE disease activity in patients who used hair products after their diagnosis versus those who did not. CONCLUSION. Exposure to hair dyes and hair permanents is not associated with the development of lupus. No hair product is associated with SLE disease activity after diagnosis.}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis Complement C4/analysis DNA/immunology Female Hair Dyes/adverse effects Hair Preparations/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/physiopathology Male Middle Aged Prednisone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Petri1999, author = {Petri, M. and Barr, S. G. and Zonana-Nach, A. and Magder, L.}, title = {Measures of disease activity, damage, and health status: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort experience}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1999}, volume = {26}, pages = {502-3}, number = {2}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Cohort Studies Disease Progression *Evaluation Studies Health Status Humans Longitudinal Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology Outcome Assessment (Health Care) Prospective Studies Recurrence Sex Factors Time} } @ARTICLE{Petri2004, author = {Petri, M. and Magder, L.}, title = {Classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: a review}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {829-37}, number = {11}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics, in preparation for revising the ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus, reviewed the current classification criteria. These critical reviews, discussed at the Lund, Sweden, meeting in 2003, will be useful to the clinician and to the researcher. This paper reviews and critiques previous classification attempts.}, keywords = {Classification/methods Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Petry1997, author = {Petry, F. and Berkel, A. I. and Loos, M.}, title = {Multiple identification of a particular type of hereditary C1q deficiency in the Turkish population: review of the cases and additional genetic and functional analysis}, journal = {Hum Genet}, year = {1997}, volume = {100}, pages = {51-6}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Germany}, abstract = {Complete selective deficiencies of the complement component C1q are rare genetic disorders that are associated with recurrent infections and a high prevalence of lupus erythematosus-like symptoms. All C1q deficiencies studied at the genetic level revealed single-base mutations leading to termination codons, frameshifts or amino acid exchanges and these were thought to be responsible for the defects as no other aberrations were found. One particular mutation, leading to a stop codon in the C1qA gene, was first identified in members of a Gypsy family from the Slovak Republic. The same mutation has been found in all cases of C1q deficiency from Turkey that have been investigated. Here we present the results of genetic analysis of the C1q genes from three families and give information on further C1q-deficient members of two families that have not been reported elsewhere. Reviewing all cases of C1q deficiency from Turkey prompted us to hypothesize that one particular defective allele is present in the population of southeast Europe and Turkey. With a novel polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and allele-specific PCR we are able to detect even asymptomatic, heterozygous carriers of the mutation, which will enable genetic counseling of the affected individuals.}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Base Sequence Child, Preschool *Codon, Terminator Complement C1q/*deficiency/*genetics Female Gypsies/genetics Heterozygote Humans Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/*genetics Male Molecular Sequence Data Pedigree *Point Mutation Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length Slovakia Turkey} } @ARTICLE{Pfau2004, author = {Pfau, J. C. and Brown, J. M. and Holian, A.}, title = {Silica-exposed mice generate autoantibodies to apoptotic cells}, journal = {Toxicology}, year = {2004}, volume = {195}, pages = {167-76}, number = {2-3}, note = {Es04804/es/niehs Es11249/es/niehs P20 rr-17670/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Ireland}, abstract = {Silica exposure has been associated with development of autoantibodies and systemic autoimmune disease, but mechanisms leading to these events are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that autoantibodies associated with silica exposure may recognize epitopes on apoptotic macrophages. Serum was obtained from New Zealand mixed (NZM) mice, in which instillation of silica significantly increased production of autoantibodies. Sera were selected that were shown, by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), to be positive or negative for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) following silica or saline exposure, respectively. Apoptosis was induced in MH-S murine macrophages using silica or cycloheximide. The ability of the autoantibodies to preferentially recognize apoptotic cells was tested using IIF and ELISA. Apoptotic cells, but not live cells, were shown to stain with serum from ANA-positive mice, but not from ANA-negative serum. In addition, binding of antibodies from ANA-positive mice was shown to be significantly greater on cellular lysates from apoptotic cells, but not necrotic or live cell lysates using an ELISA based assay. Finally, inhibition of apoptosis with a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, Boc-D-FMK, blocked the increased binding by the autoantibodies. These results suggest that autoantibodies from mice with silica-exacerbated autoimmune responses recognize specific epitopes on apoptotic macrophages. It is therefore possible that silica-induced apoptosis may exacerbate autoimmune responses by exposing antigenic epitopes to the immune system.}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal Animals Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Apoptosis/*immunology Autoimmune Diseases/blood/*immunology/pathology Benzyl Compounds/pharmacology Cell Line Cycloheximide/toxicity Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Flow Cytometry Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology Macrophages/*drug effects/pathology Male Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Silicon Dioxide/administration & dosage/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Phan2002, author = {Phan, T. G. and Wong, R. C. W. and Adelstein, S.}, title = {Autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens: Making detection and interpretation more meaningful}, journal = {Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology}, year = {2002}, volume = {9}, pages = {1-7}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Popovic1984, author = {Popovic, M. and Sarngadharan, M. G. and Read, E. and Gallo, R. C.}, title = {Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS}, journal = {Science}, year = {1984}, volume = {224}, pages = {497-500}, number = {4648}, note = {0036-8075 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {A cell system was developed for the reproducible detection of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV family) from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS). The cells are specific clones from a permissive human neoplastic T-cell line. Some of the clones permanently grow and continuously produce large amounts of virus after infection with cytopathic (HTLV-III) variants of these viruses. One cytopathic effect of HTLV-III in this system is the arrangement of multiple nuclei in a characteristic ring formation in giant cells of the infected T-cell population. These structures can be used as an indicator to detect HTLV-III in clinical specimens. This system opens the way to the routine detection of HTLV-III and related cytopathic variants of HTLV in patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS and in healthy carriers, and it provides large amounts of virus for detailed molecular and immunological analyses.}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*microbiology Cell Division Cell Line Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure Cell Survival Clone Cells/microbiology Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral Deltaretrovirus/growth & development/*isolation & purification Humans RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism T-Lymphocytes/microbiology Variation (Genetics) Virus Cultivation} } @ARTICLE{Prahalad2002, author = {Prahalad, S. and Shear, E. S. and Thompson, S. D. and Giannini, E. H. and Glass, D. N.}, title = {Increased prevalence of familial autoimmunity in simplex and multiplex families with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2002}, volume = {46}, pages = {1851-6}, number = {7}, note = {1pgo-ar-47784/pg/oapp N01-ar-42281/ar/niams Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States}, keywords = {Alopecia Areata/genetics Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/epidemiology/*genetics Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics Autoimmune Diseases/*genetics Autoimmunity/genetics Dermatomyositis/genetics Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics Graves Disease/genetics Humans Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics Iritis/genetics Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics Multiple Sclerosis/genetics Prevalence Psoriasis/genetics Spondylitis, Ankylosing/genetics Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics Vitiligo/genetics} } @ARTICLE{Prieur1993, author = {Prieur, A. M.}, title = {What's in a name? Nomenclature of juvenile arthritis. A European view}, journal = {J Rheumatol Suppl}, year = {1993}, volume = {40}, pages = {9-11}, note = {0380-0903 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/epidemiology Child Europe/epidemiology Humans *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Prieur1990, author = {Prieur, A. M. and Ansell, B. M. and Bardfeld, R. and Bhettay, E. and Bojkinov, I. and Denieskiewics, K. and Fantini, F. and Halvelka, S. and Hoyeraal, H. M. and Jais, J. P. and et al.}, title = {Is onset type evaluated during the first 3 months of disease satisfactory for defining the sub-groups of juvenile chronic arthritis? A EULAR Cooperative Study (1983-1986)}, journal = {Clin Exp Rheumatol}, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, pages = {321-5}, number = {3}, note = {0392-856X (Print) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Adolescent Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/complications/diagnosis Bone Diseases/etiology Child Child, Preschool Chronic Disease Comparative Study Europe Evaluation Studies Female Fever/etiology Humans Iridocyclitis/etiology Male Muscular Diseases/etiology Prospective Studies Retrospective Studies Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Priori2003, author = {Priori, R. and Medda, E. and Conti, F. and Cassara, E. A. and Danieli, M. G. and Gerli, R. and Giacomelli, R. and Franceschini, F. and Manfredi, A. and Pietrogrande, M. and Stazi, M. A. and Valesini, G.}, title = {Familial autoimmunity as a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus and vice versa: a case-control study}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2003}, volume = {12}, pages = {735-40}, number = {10}, note = {Journal Article England}, keywords = {Adult Autoimmune Diseases/*epidemiology/*genetics Case-Control Studies Family Health Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/*genetics Male Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Odds Ratio Risk Factors Sex Distribution} } @ARTICLE{Quackenbush2006, author = {Quackenbush, J.}, title = {Microarray analysis and tumor classification}, journal = {N Engl J Med}, year = {2006}, volume = {354}, pages = {2463-72}, number = {23}, note = {1533-4406 (Electronic) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Cluster Analysis *Gene Expression Profiling Genomics Humans Neoplasms/classification/*genetics Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods Prognosis RNA/analysis Tumor Markers, Biological/genetics} } @ARTICLE{Rahman2001, author = {Rahman, P. and Gladman, D. D. and Urowitz, M. B. and Hallett, D. and Tam, L. S.}, title = {Early damage as measured by the SLICC/ACR damage index is a predictor of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2001}, volume = {10}, pages = {93-6}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Disease Progression Health Status Indicators Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*mortality/physiopathology Middle Aged Predictive Value of Tests Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Severity of Illness Index} } @ARTICLE{Ramos-Casals2004, author = {Ramos-Casals, M. and Campoamor, M. T. and Chamorro, A. and Salvador, G. and Segura, S. and Botero, J. C. and Yague, J. and Cervera, R. and Ingelmo, M. and Font, J.}, title = {Hypocomplementemia in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance in 667 patients}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {777-83}, number = {10}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*blood/epidemiology/mortality Complement C3/metabolism Complement C4/metabolism Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay Complement System Proteins/*deficiency Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*blood/epidemiology/mortality Male Morbidity Prevalence} } @ARTICLE{Reidenberg1993, author = {Reidenberg, M. M. and Drayer, D. E. and Lorenzo, B. and Strom, B. L. and West, S. L. and Snyder, E. S. and Freundlich, B. and Stolley, P. D.}, title = {Acetylation phenotypes and environmental chemical exposure of people with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1993}, volume = {36}, pages = {971-3}, number = {7}, note = {Am-32869/am/niaddk Rr-0047/rr/ncrr Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE. To test the hypotheses that there is an excess percentage of slow acetylators among patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that these patients had excessive exposure to environmental amines and hydrazines before the onset of illness. METHODS. Case-control study with structured interview and acetylation phenotyping. RESULTS. No excess proportion of slow acetylators or environmental amine exposure was found. CONCLUSION. Slow acetylation phenotype and exposure to environmental amines are not principal causes of idiopathic SLE.}, keywords = {Acetylation/drug effects Adult Amines/*pharmacology Dapsone/administration & dosage *Environmental Exposure Female Humans Hydrazines/pharmacology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology/*genetics Male Middle Aged Phenotype Smoking/adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Reveille2003, author = {Reveille, J. D. and Solomon, D. H.}, title = {Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: Anticentromere, Scl-70, and nucleolar antibodies}, journal = {Arthritis \& Rheumatism-Arthritis Care \& Research}, year = {2003}, volume = {49}, pages = {399-412}, number = {3} } @ARTICLE{Reynolds1985, author = {Reynolds, M. D.}, title = {Origins of the Concept of Collagen-Vascular Diseases}, journal = {Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {1985}, volume = {15}, pages = {127-131}, number = {2}, note = {Aun68 Times Cited:1 Cited References Count:32} } @ARTICLE{Riise2003, author = {Riise, T. and Nortvedt, M. W. and Ascherio, A.}, title = {Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis}, journal = {Neurology}, year = {2003}, volume = {61}, pages = {1122-4}, number = {8}, note = {Journal Article United States}, keywords = {Adult Age of Onset Comorbidity Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Male Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis/*epidemiology Norway/epidemiology Odds Ratio Prevalence Proportional Hazards Models Questionnaires Risk Assessment Risk Factors Smoking/*epidemiology} } @ARTICLE{Ropes1958, author = {Ropes, M. W. and Bennett, G. A. and Cobb, S. and Jacox, R. and Jessar, R. A.}, title = {1958 Revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Bull Rheum Dis}, year = {1958}, volume = {9}, pages = {175-6}, number = {4}, note = {0007-5248 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Roth2003, author = {Roth, A. R. and Basello, G. M.}, title = {Approach to the adult patient with fever of unknown origin}, journal = {Am Fam Physician}, year = {2003}, volume = {68}, pages = {2223-8}, number = {11}, note = {Journal Article Review United States}, abstract = {Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 degrees C (100.9 degrees F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. The four categories of potential etiology of FUO are classic, nosocomial, immune deficient, and human immunodeficiency virus-related. The four subgroups of the differential diagnosis of FUO are infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous. A thorough history, physical examination, and standard laboratory testing remain the basis of the initial evaluation of the patient with FUO. Newer diagnostic modalities, including updated serology, viral cultures, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, have important roles in the assessment of these patients.}, keywords = {Algorithms Diagnosis, Differential Fever of Unknown Origin/classification/*diagnosis/*etiology Humans} } @ARTICLE{Rothfield2006, author = {Rothfield, N. and Sontheimer, R. D. and Bernstein, M.}, title = {Lupus erythematosus: systemic and cutaneous manifestations}, journal = {Clin Dermatol}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, pages = {348-62}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review United States}, abstract = {Skin and joint involvements are the most commonly occurring manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. There are 3 forms of cutaneous lupus: chronic cutaneous (discoid) lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. Joint manifestations are usually not associated with warmth of the joints and may be only associated with pain and swelling. Painful or swollen joints respond rapidly to small or moderate doses of corticosteroids, whereas cutaneous manifestations usually respond to antimalarial drugs. Anti-Ro is associated closely with a photosensitive rash and with subacute lupus.}, keywords = {Cardiovascular System/pathology/physiopathology Gastrointestinal Tract/pathology/physiopathology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/*pathology/physiopathology/therapy Musculoskeletal Diseases/etiology/*pathology/physiopathology/therapy Musculoskeletal System/pathology/physiopathology Nervous System/pathology/physiopathology Respiratory System/pathology/physiopathology Skin/pathology/physiopathology Skin Diseases/etiology/*pathology/physiopathology/therapy} } @ARTICLE{Rowell1984, author = {Rowell, N. R.}, title = {The natural history of lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Clin Exp Dermatol}, year = {1984}, volume = {9}, pages = {217-31}, number = {3}, note = {0307-6938 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid/*classification/immunology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/immunology Pregnancy Prognosis Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Rudwaleit2005, author = {Rudwaleit, M. and Khan, M. A. and Sieper, J.}, title = {The challenge of diagnosis and classification in early ankylosing spondylitis: do we need new criteria?}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {52}, pages = {1000-8}, number = {4}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Early Diagnosis Humans Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rheumatology/*methods Spondylitis, Ankylosing/*classification/*diagnosis *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Ruiz-Irastorza2004, author = {Ruiz-Irastorza, G. and Egurbide, M. V. and Martinez-Berriotxoa, A. and Ugalde, J. and Aguirre, C.}, title = {Antiphospholipid antibodies predict early damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {900-5}, number = {12}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/*blood Biological Markers/blood Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*blood/*complications/diagnosis Male Middle Aged Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Prospective Studies Severity of Illness Index Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Sakic2005, author = {Sakic, B. and Hanna, S. E. and Millward, J. M.}, title = {Behavioral heterogeneity in an animal model of neuropsychiatric lupus}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, year = {2005}, volume = {57}, pages = {679-87}, number = {6}, note = {0006-3223 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Various psychiatric manifestations of unknown etiology are common in systemic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus (SLE). Profound heterogeneity at clinical and neuropathological levels suggests distinct subpopulations of SLE patients and multiple mechanisms in the pathogenesis of aberrant behavior. Using inbred mice prone to SLE-like condition, we presently examine whether subpopulations of diseased mice can be identified on the basis of their behavioral performance. METHODS: Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify 105 MRL-lpr males into clusters. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant function analysis were used to detect overall differences and identify discriminative variables. RESULTS: Cluster 1 was characterized by blunted responsiveness to palatable stimulation, as well as increased spleen mass and serum levels of interleukin-1. Cluster 2 comprised of animals with reduced ambulation speed and enlarged spleen. Mice from cluster 3 showed profound dilatation of brain ventricles, reduced brain mass, impaired nutrition and performance in task reflective of emotional reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Present results suggest that systemic autoimmunity compromises brain function via non-Mendelian mechanisms. Although neuroactive cytokines may impair reward systems, brain atrophy seems to underlie deficits in ingestive behavior and emotional reactivity. This study supports the hypothesis that multiple neuroimmunological pathways are involved in the etiology of aberrant behavior during SLE-like disease.}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance Animals Autoimmunity Behavior, Animal/*physiology Body Mass Index Brain/pathology CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism Cluster Analysis Cytokines/blood *Disease Models, Animal Drinking/physiology Eating/physiology Exploratory Behavior/physiology Food Preferences/physiology Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/*blood/immunology/*physiopathology Male Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Motor Activity/physiology Psychomotor Performance/physiology Reaction Time/physiology Spleen/pathology} } @ARTICLE{Sanchez2003, author = {Sanchez, M. L. and Alarcon, G. S. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Fessler, B. J. and Kimberly, R. P.}, title = {Can the weighted criteria improve our ability to capture a larger number of lupus patients into observational and interventional studies? A comparison with the American College of Rheumatology criteria}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2003}, volume = {12}, pages = {468-70}, number = {6}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adult Cohort Studies Comparative Study Female Forms and Records Control *Guidelines Humans Intervention Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/*diagnosis/epidemiology Male Middle Aged Patient Selection Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Rheumatology/*standards Sensitivity and Specificity United States} } @ARTICLE{Sanchez-Guerrero1996, author = {Sanchez-Guerrero, J. and Karlson, E. W. and Colditz, G. A. and Hunter, D. J. and Speizer, F. E. and Liang, M. H.}, title = {Hair dye use and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1996}, volume = {39}, pages = {657-62}, number = {4}, note = {Ar-36308/ar/niams Ca-40356/ca/nci Tw-04573/tw/fic Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, keywords = {Adult Cohort Studies Female Follow-Up Studies Hair Dyes/*adverse effects Humans Incidence Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced/epidemiology Middle Aged Prospective Studies Risk Factors Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Sarzi-Puttini2005, author = {Sarzi-Puttini, P. and Atzeni, F. and Iaccarino, L. and Doria, A.}, title = {Environment and systemic lupus erythematosus: an overview}, journal = {Autoimmunity}, year = {2005}, volume = {38}, pages = {465-72}, number = {7}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that manifests as a pleomorphic systemic disease mainly affecting females. The variety of autoantibodies found in the serum of patients indicate that SLE is an autoimmune disease, but the mechanisms leading to the aberrant responses are not clearly understood although it is thought that a number of genetic and environmental factors may be involved. Environmental (or non-genetic) exposures could include infectious agents, chemicals or other compounds capable of modulating immune responses such as occupational/environmental pollutants or drugs, and behavioural factors such as smoking and diet. Environmental exposures may lead to the production of autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies, the stimulation of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines, and target end-organ damage, but are not so convincing as agents causing SLE. Exposure to viruses increases antibody titres, but these may be the result of polyclonal B cell activation. The amount and timing of exposure to different environmental factors may play a significant and complex role in the pathogenesis of SLE and other autoimmune diseases. A better understanding of the etiopathogenetic mechanism of SLE is required in order to clarify the multiple interactions between environmental exposures and genetic factors.}, keywords = {Animals Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Scadding, author = {Scadding} } @ARTICLE{Sekigawa2004, author = {Sekigawa, I. and Naito, T. and Hira, K. and Mitsuishi, K. and Ogasawara, H. and Hashimoto, H. and Ogawa, H.}, title = {Possible mechanisms of gender bias in SLE: a new hypothesis involving a comparison of SLE with atopy}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {217-22}, number = {4}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England}, abstract = {The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is far higher in females than in males, and numerous investigations of this gender bias have been performed from several perspectives. Sex hormones, particularly estrogens, may be significant in causing the gender discrepancy. This article discusses the possible importance of estrogens in regulating the expression of and responsivity to autoantigens in SLE and in atopic disorders, which are associated with hyperreactivity to exogenous antigens. Estrogens seem to play an important role in the overexpression of endogenous autoantigens, such as human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), and this may be related to the existence of a gender bias in the incidence of SLE but not atopy.}, keywords = {Antibody Formation DNA Methylation Estrogens/metabolism Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism Humans Hypersensitivity/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology/*physiopathology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/genetics/immunology/*physiopathology *Models, Biological Prevalence Sex Distribution} } @ARTICLE{Setty2005, author = {Setty, A. R. and Sigal, L. H.}, title = {Herbal medications commonly used in the practice of rheumatology: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {34}, pages = {773-84}, number = {6}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on herbal preparations commonly utilized in the treatment of rheumatic indications. METHODS: Search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was performed using both the scientific and the common names of herbs. Relevant articles in English were collected from PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS: This review summarizes the efficacy and toxicities of herbal remedies used in complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies for rheumatologic conditions, by elucidating the immune pathways through which these preparations have antiinflammatory and/or immunomodulatory activity and providing a scientific basis for their efficacy. Gammalinolenic acid suppresses inflammation by acting as a competitive inhibitor of prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes (LTs) and by reducing the auto-induction of interleukin1alpha (IL-1alpha)-induced pro-IL-1beta gene expression. It appears to be efficacious in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not for Sjogrens disease. The antiinflammatory actions of Harpagophytum procumbens is due to its action on eicosanoid biosynthesis and it may have a role in treating low back pain. While in vitro experiments with Tanacetum parthenium found inhibition of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma, IkappaB kinase, and a decrease in T-cell adhesion, to date human studies have not proven it useful in the treatment of RA. Current experience with Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, Uncaria tomentosa, finds them to be efficacious in the treatment of RA, while Urtica diocia and willow bark extract are effective for osteoarthritis. T. wilfordii Hook F extract inhibits the production of cytokines and other mediators from mononuclear phagocytes by blocking the up-regulation of a number of proinflammatory genes, including TNF-alpha, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interferon-gamma, IL-2, prostaglandin, and iNOS. Uncaria tomentosa and Urtica diocia both decrease the production of TNF-alpha. At present there are no human studies on Ocimum spp. in rheumatic diseases. The fixed oil appears to have antihistaminic, antiserotonin, and antiprostaglandin activity. Zingiber officinale inhibits TNF-alpha, prostaglandin, and leukotriene synthesis and at present has limited efficacy in the treatment of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation of the mechanism and potential uses of CAM therapies is still in its infancy and many studies done to date are scientifically flawed. Further systematic and scientific inquiry into this topic is necessary to validate or refute the clinical claims made for CAM therapies. An understanding of the mechanism of action of CAM therapies allows physicians to counsel effectively on their proper and improper use, prevent adverse drug-drug interactions, and anticipate or appreciate toxicities. RELEVANCE: The use of CAM therapies is widespread among patients, including those with rheumatic diseases. Herbal medications are often utilized with little to no physician guidance or knowledge. An appreciation of this information will help physicians to counsel patients concerning the utility and toxicities of CAM therapies. An understanding and elucidation of the mechanisms by which CAM therapies may be efficacious can be instrumental in discovering new molecular targets in the treatment of diseases.}, keywords = {Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Humans Medline *Phytotherapy Plant Preparations/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Rheumatic Diseases/*drug therapy Rheumatology/*methods} } @ARTICLE{Seve2005, author = {Seve, P. and Ferry, T. and Koenig, M. and Cathebras, P. and Rousset, H. and Broussolle, C.}, title = {Lupus-like presentation of parvovirus B19 infection}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {34}, pages = {642-8}, number = {4}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe 2 cases of parvovirus B19 (B19) infection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to identify all cases of SLE imitated by and/or associated with B19 in the medical literature. METHODS: A computer-assisted (PubMed) search of the medical literature from 1975 to 2003 was performed using the following key words: parvovirus, B19, SLE, lupus, antibodies, auto-immunity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were identified: 35 women, 3 men; mean age = 28.8 years. Clinical manifestations were as follows: fever (24 patients); articular involvement (36 patients); cutaneous lesions (28 patients); lymphadenopathy (9 patients); hepato- and/or splenomegaly (6 patients); serositis (6 patients); renal involvement (4 patients); cerebral impairment (10 patients). Cytopenia was observed in 23 cases. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 34 patients, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in 20 patients, anti-Sm antibodies in 4 patients, antinuclear ribonucleoprotein antibodies in 5 patients, anti-Ro-SSA antibodies in 4 patients, anti-La-SSB antibodies in 4 patients, and anticardiolipin and/or anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in 8 patients. Hypocomplementemia was found in 15 of 26 patients. In 19 cases, the B19 infection had a self-limiting course. In 6 cases, B19 infection occurred in a context of previously established SLE, simulating SLE exacerbation. In 6 observations, symptoms persisted several months after the viral infection. In 7 cases, the exact relationship between SLE and B19 could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS: B19 infection may present a clinical and serological tableau making it difficult to distinguish between a viral infection and the first episode of SLE. Although B19 may modulate the clinical and biological features of rheumatic disease, studies in large series do not support a causative role for B19 in the pathogenesis of SLE.}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Antibodies, Viral/blood DNA, Viral/blood Diagnosis, Differential Female Humans Immunoglobulin M/blood Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis Male Parvoviridae Infections/*diagnosis/virology *Parvovirus B19, Human/genetics/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Shepshelovich2006, author = {Shepshelovich, D. and Shoenfeld, Y.}, title = {Prediction and prevention of autoimmune diseases: additional aspects of the mosaic of autoimmunity}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {183-90}, number = {3}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are chronic, potentially life threatening complex multisystem disorders. Their etiology is unknown but genetic, hormonal and environmental factors are important. The clinical disease is preceded by a long period of time (sometimes many years) when the patients can be identified by characteristic antibodies in their serum. When such a patient is identified he is usually followed and treated if clinical disease manifests itself. However, other factors besides the existence of autoantibodies have a predictive value for those disorders; some of them hereditary or genetic, and can be used only to predict likelihood of future disease, and others, connected to lifestyle and environment, could be modified in order to try and prevent it. Several non-randomized small scale studies have suggested that autoimmune disease could be prevented if treated aggressively prior to manifestations of symptoms. However, if such is the case, criteria would have to be formalized for selection of patients for this preventive treatment. Only patients whose probability to develop clinical disease is higher then a certain threshold should be treated while asymptomatic. The aim of this article is to review the major risk factors for autoimmune disease, both hereditary and environmental, and so to help define those future criteria. Individuals who are at risk to develop an autoimmune disease should be advised to refrain from activities and lifestyle which endangers their health and quality of life.}, keywords = {Autoantibodies/blood Autoimmune Diseases/*etiology/genetics/prevention & control Autoimmunity Dietary Fats/adverse effects Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology Infection/complications Risk Factors Smoking/adverse effects Vaccines/adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Sherer2004, author = {Sherer, Y. and Gorstein, A. and Fritzler, M. J. and Shoenfeld, Y.}, title = {Autoantibody explosion in systemic lupus erythematosus: more than 100 different antibodies found in SLE patients}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {34}, pages = {501-37}, number = {2}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Description of the various autoantibodies that can be detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: A literature review, using the terms "autoantibody" and "systemic lupus erythematosus", was conducted to search for articles on autoantibodies in SLE, their target antigens, association with disease activity, or other clinical associations. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen autoantibodies were described in SLE patients. These include autoantibodies that target nuclear antigens, cytoplasmic antigens, cell membrane antigens, phospholipid-associated antigens, blood cells, endothelial cells, and nervous system antigens, plasma proteins, matrix proteins, and miscellaneous antigens. The target of autoantibody, the autoantigen properties, autoantibody frequencies in SLE, as well as clinical associations, and correlation with disease activity are described for all 116 autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: SLE is the autoimmune disease with the largest number of detectable autoantibodies. Their production could be antigen-driven, the result of polyclonal B cell activation, impaired apoptotic pathways, or the outcome of idiotypic network dysregulation.}, keywords = {Autoantibodies/*immunology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Siegel1970, author = {Siegel, M. and Holley, H. L. and Lee, S. L.}, title = {Epidemiologic studies on systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparative data for New York City and Jefferson County, Alabama, 1956-1965}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1970}, volume = {13}, pages = {802-11}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article United states}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult African Continental Ancestry Group Age Factors Aged Alabama European Continental Ancestry Group Female Geography Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*epidemiology/mortality Male Middle Aged New York City Retrospective Studies Sex Factors} } @ARTICLE{Siegel1973, author = {Siegel, M. and Lee, S. L.}, title = {The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1973}, volume = {3}, pages = {1-54}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Review United states}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Alabama Antibodies, Viral/analysis Child Demography Epidemiologic Methods Female Humans Immunoglobulins/analysis Inclusion Bodies *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/genetics/mortality Male Middle Aged Minnesota Neutrophils New York City Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Socioeconomic Factors Sweden} } @ARTICLE{Siegel1967, author = {Siegel, M. and Lee, S. L. and Peress, N. S.}, title = {The epidemiology of drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1967}, volume = {10}, pages = {407-15}, number = {5}, note = {Journal Article United states}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Child Epilepsy/drug therapy Female Heart Diseases/drug therapy Humans Hydralazine/*adverse effects Hypertension/drug therapy Isoniazid/*adverse effects Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*chemically induced/epidemiology Male Middle Aged New York City Phenytoin/*adverse effects Procainamide/*adverse effects} } @ARTICLE{Siegel1962, author = {Siegel, M. and Lee, S. L. and Widelock, D. and Reillyeb and Wise, G. J. and Zingale, S. B. and Fuerst, H. T.}, title = {The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: preliminary results in New York City}, journal = {J Chronic Dis}, year = {1962}, volume = {15}, pages = {131-40}, note = {Journal Article Not Available} } @ARTICLE{Siegel1964, author = {Siegel, M. and Reilly, E. B. and Lee, S. L. and Fuerst, H. T. and Seelenfreund, M.}, title = {Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Time Trend and Racial Differences}, journal = {Am J Public Health Nations Health}, year = {1964}, volume = {54}, pages = {33-43}, note = {Journal Article United states}, keywords = {*Adolescent *African Continental Ancestry Group *Child *Epidemiology *European Continental Ancestry Group *Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic *New York *Polyarteritis Nodosa *Puerto Rico} } @ARTICLE{Siiteri1980, author = {Siiteri, P. K. and Jones, L. A. and Roubinian, J. and Talal, N.}, title = {Sex steroids and the immune system--I. Sex difference in autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW hybrid mice}, journal = {J Steroid Biochem}, year = {1980}, volume = {12}, pages = {425-32}, note = {Hd 08692/hd/nichd Hd 12949/hd/nichd Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. England}, keywords = {Animals Autoantibodies/*biosynthesis Autoimmune Diseases/*immunology Castration Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology Estradiol/pharmacology Female Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin M Male Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Poly A/metabolism Progesterone/pharmacology Sex Factors Testosterone/pharmacology} } @ARTICLE{Singh2006, author = {Singh, J. A. and Soloman, D. H. and Dougados, M. and Felson, D. and Hawker, G. and Katz, P. and Paulus, H. and Wallace, C.}, title = {Development of classification and response criteria for rheumatic diseases}, journal = {Arthritis \& Rheumatism-Arthritis Care \& Research}, year = {2006}, volume = {55}, pages = {348-352}, number = {3} } @ARTICLE{Sjowall2005, author = {Sjowall, C. and Bengtsson, A. A. and Sturfelt, G. and Skogh, T.}, title = {Anti-CRP autoantibody levels correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {65; author reply 66}, number = {1}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Comment Letter}, keywords = {Autoantibodies/*immunology C-Reactive Protein/*immunology Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*immunology/*physiopathology} } @ARTICLE{Sjowall2004, author = {Sjowall, C. and Ernerudh, J. and Bengtsson, A. A. and Sturfelt, G. and Skogh, T.}, title = {Reduced anti-TNFalpha autoantibody levels coincide with flare in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {J Autoimmun}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, pages = {315-23}, number = {4}, note = {0896-8411 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {Deviating cytokine patterns, as a consequence of aberrant immunoregulation, is implicated to be of aetiopathogenetic importance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To evaluate the possibility of anti-cytokine autoantibody-mediated cytokine regulation/dysregulation, IgG class autoantibodies against cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TNFalpha and TGFbeta(1)) were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serial serum samples from clinically well-characterized SLE patients and in normal human sera (NHS). Anti-TNFalpha autoantibody levels were lower in patients with active disease compared to inactive disease (P<0.001) as well as to NHS (P<0.001). The anti-TNFalpha antibody levels correlated inversely to the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) (r(2)=0.07, P<0.01), whereas anti-TGFbeta antibodies were raised in SLE and correlated positively to levels of complement factor C1q (r(2)=0.08, P<0.005). Generally raised anti-cytokine antibody levels and correlations to disease activity measures were found in one individual. Inverse correlations were found comparing SLEDAI scores and autoantibodies to TNFalpha (r(2)=0.92) and IL-6 (r(2)=0.86) and positive correlations were found between levels of anti-TNFalpha and C1q (r(2)=0.86) and C3 (r(2)=0.90). We show, for the first time, a coincidence between reduced anti-TNFalpha autoantibody levels and disease exacerbation in SLE, which is of interest regarding aetiopathogenesis and disease control.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Autoantibodies/*blood Case-Control Studies Child Complement C1q/metabolism Complement C3/metabolism Cytokines/immunology Female Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Interleukin-6/immunology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/*immunology Male Middle Aged Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*immunology} } @ARTICLE{Smith1999, author = {Smith, E. L. and Shmerling, R. H.}, title = {The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus: strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1999}, volume = {8}, pages = {586-95}, number = {8}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {The American College of Rheumatology classification criteria were developed to operationalize the definition of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to allow comparison of clinical research from different centers, but also serve to facilitate education and to guide clinical practice. The classification criteria have been critical to research, but should be viewed as a temporary step until improved understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE emerges. Criteria have inherent limitations, including bias towards more severe and longer duration disease, equal weighting of features that vary in clinical significance, and exclusion of patients with SLE from research because they do not meet criteria. For some SLE research questions, it may be appropriate to include patients diagnosed with SLE who do not meet criteria, if these patients' manifestations and criteria are documented explicitly. SLE disease activity, cumulative organ damage, disease duration, criteria ever met, and criteria met at time of enrollment are important data that should be presented in clinical studies of SLE regardless of the number of criteria met. The criteria should be reevaluated periodically, utilizing patients and controls with a range of diseases and disease severity. A simplified weighting system may more accurately reflect clinical practice.}, keywords = {Diagnosis, Differential Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/*diagnosis Research Design Rheumatology Societies, Medical United States} } @ARTICLE{Smolen1985, author = {Smolen, J. S. and Morimoto, C. and Steinberg, A. D. and Wolf, A. and Schlossman, S. F. and Steinberg, R. T. and Penner, E. and Reinherz, E. and Reichlin, M. and Chused, T. M.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus: delineation of subpopulations by clinical, serologic, and T cell subset analysis}, journal = {Am J Med Sci}, year = {1985}, volume = {289}, pages = {139-47}, number = {4}, note = {0002-9629 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, abstract = {Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 194) were analyzed for correlation of clinical features. In addition, the proportions of the two major T cell subsets were determined in 87 subjects. Two patient subgroups were discerned: one in which severe renal disease, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia predominated, and a second in which sicca syndrome and involvement of the central nervous system, lungs and muscle occurred. The ratio of T helper/inducer to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells was reduced in the first group and increased in the second. We conclude that SLE does not comprise a single disease entity, but rather represents a number of syndromes with overlapping clinical features. The correlation of clinical symptoms with the proportions of circulating T cell subsets suggests that several immunologic mechanisms may underlie the various types of SLE.}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use Central Nervous System Diseases/etiology DNA/metabolism Female Flow Cytometry Humans Kidney Diseases/etiology Leukopenia/etiology Lung Diseases/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood/*classification/complications Male Middle Aged Muscular Diseases/etiology Sjogren's Syndrome/etiology T-Lymphocytes/*classification Thrombocytopenia/etiology} } @ARTICLE{Snaith, author = {Snaith}, title = {chapter in Kelley} } @ARTICLE{Snider1995, author = {Snider, G. L.}, title = {What's in a name? Names, definitions, descriptions, and diagnostic criteria of diseases, with emphasis on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}, journal = {Respiration}, year = {1995}, volume = {62}, pages = {297-301}, number = {6}, note = {0025-7931 (Print) Journal Article Review}, keywords = {Airway Obstruction/classification Humans *Lung Diseases, Obstructive/classification/diagnosis *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Snider2003, author = {Snider, G. L.}, title = {Nosology for our day: its application to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}, journal = {Am J Respir Crit Care Med}, year = {2003}, volume = {167}, pages = {678-83}, number = {5}, note = {1073-449X (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Comparative Study Diagnosis, Differential Forced Expiratory Volume Humans Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*classification/*diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology Pulmonary Emphysema/diagnosis Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis Respiratory Function Tests Risk Factors Severity of Illness Index Smoking/adverse effects *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Snijders1990, author = {Snijders, T. A. B. and Dormaar, M. and Vanschuur, W. H. and Dijkmancaes, C. and Driessen, G.}, title = {DISTRIBUTION OF SOME SIMILARITY COEFFICIENTS FOR DYADIC BINARY DATA IN THE CASE OF ASSOCIATED ATTRIBUTES}, journal = {Journal of Classification}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, pages = {5-31}, number = {1} } @ARTICLE{Sontheimer1997, author = {Sontheimer, R. D.}, title = {The lexicon of cutaneous lupus erythematosus--a review and personal perspective on the nomenclature and classification of the cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1997}, volume = {6}, pages = {84-95}, number = {2}, note = {Ar19101/ar/niams Historical Article Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review England}, keywords = {History, 19th Century History, 20th Century Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/*classification/history *Terminology} } @ARTICLE{Southwood1997, author = {Southwood, T. R.}, title = {Classifying childhood arthritis}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {1997}, volume = {56}, pages = {79-81}, number = {2}, note = {0003-4967 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification Child Humans Terminology} } @ARTICLE{StahlHallengren2004, author = {Stahl-Hallengren, C. and Nived, O. and Sturfelt, G.}, title = {Outcome of incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus after 10 years}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {85-8}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Female Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology/immunology/*physiopathology Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Steen2005, author = {Steen, V. D.}, title = {Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {35-42}, number = {1}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and prognostic features associated with the scleroderma-specific autoantibodies. METHODS: Using the Pittsburgh Scleroderma Databank, all consecutive patients seen between 1980 and 1995 who had autoantibody studies performed were studied. Anticentromere antibodies (ACA), antitopoisomerase (TOPO), anti-U1-RNP (U1-RNP), anti-RNA Polymerase III (Pol 3), anti-U3-RNP (U3-RNP), anti-Th/To (Th/To), and anti-Pm/Scl (Pm/Scl) were determined according to previously described methods. The frequency of clinical features, organ system outcomes, and survival within the patients with a specific antibody were cumulative over the course of the disease. The frequency of a specific feature was compared across groups to identify significant manifestations and outcomes in patients with a specific antibody. RESULTS: Some demographic, clinical, and organ system findings were associated with the specific antibody, and other features with the scleroderma subtype (limited cutaneous or diffuse cutaneous scleroderma). U3-RNP, U1-RNP, and TOPO were seen more commonly in African-American patients, and ACA was seen in older, female Caucasians. Muscle inflammation was seen in patients with U1-RNP and U3-RNP. Digital tip ulcers and digital tuft resorption were seen more frequently in those with ACA and TOPO. A vasculopathy causing pulmonary hypertension typically occurs with ACA and pulmonary fibrosis with TOPO; however, both types of lung disease were seen in patients with nucleolar antibodies, Th/To and U3-RNP. Importantly, severe interstitial fibrosis was rarely seen in cases with Pol 3. Renal crisis was strongly associated with Pol 3. Survival within limited scleroderma was decreased in the Th/To patients compared with ACA patients. Within the diffuse scleroderma group, patients with Pol 3 had the best survival. CONCLUSIONS: Scleroderma autoantibodies are associated with very specific demographic, clinical, organ system, and survival features. RELEVANCE: The determination of scleroderma autoantibodies may be helpful in assessing the prognosis, monitoring, and treatment of scleroderma patients.}, keywords = {Adult Autoantibodies/*immunology *Databases, Factual Female Humans Male Prognosis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Scleroderma, Systemic/*diagnosis/*immunology/mortality Survival Rate} } @ARTICLE{Steinley2003, author = {Steinley, D.}, title = {Local optima in K-means clustering: what you don't know may hurt you}, journal = {Psychol Methods}, year = {2003}, volume = {8}, pages = {294-304}, number = {3}, note = {1082-989X (Print) Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.}, abstract = {The popular K-means clustering method, as implemented in 3 commercial software packages (SPSS, SYSTAT, and SAS), generally provides solutions that are only locally optimal for a given set of data. Because none of these commercial implementations offer a reasonable mechanism to begin the K-means method at alternative starting points, separate routines were written within the MATLAB (Math-Works, 1999) environment that can be initialized randomly (these routines are provided at the end of the online version of this article in the PsycARTICLES database). Through the analysis of 2 empirical data sets and 810 simulated data sets, it is shown that the results provided by commercial packages are most likely locally optimal. These results suggest the need for some strategy to study the local optima problem for a specific data set or to identify methods for finding "good" starting values that might lead to the best solutions possible.}, keywords = {*Cluster Analysis Humans *Models, Psychological Monte Carlo Method Software} } @ARTICLE{Stemmer1995, author = {Stemmer, C. and Tuaillon, N. and Prieur, A. M. and Muller, S.}, title = {Mapping of B-cell epitopes recognized by antibodies to histones in subsets of juvenile chronic arthritis}, journal = {Clin Immunol Immunopathol}, year = {1995}, volume = {76}, pages = {82-9}, number = {1 Pt 1}, note = {0090-1229 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence Antibodies, Antinuclear/*blood Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/complications/*immunology B-Lymphocytes/*immunology Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Epitopes/*immunology Female Histones/*immunology Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Infant Male Molecular Sequence Data Peptide Fragments/immunology Prognosis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Factors Sequence Homology, Amino Acid Spondylitis, Ankylosing/immunology Uveitis/complications/immunology} } @ARTICLE{Stoll2006, author = {Stoll, M. L. and Zurakowski, D. and Nigrovic, L. E. and Nichols, D. P. and Sundel, R. P. and Nigrovic, P. A.}, title = {Patients with juvenile psoriatic arthritis comprise two distinct populations}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {3564-72}, number = {11}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in children is clinically heterogeneous. We examined a large population of children with juvenile PsA for evidence of phenotypic clustering that could suggest the presence of distinct clinical entities. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 139 patients meeting the Vancouver criteria for juvenile PsA. To identify segregation into phenotypic groups, we compared younger patients with their older counterparts and subjected the whole population to 2-step cluster analysis. RESULTS: Among patients with juvenile PsA, the age at onset is biphasic, with peaks occurring at approximately 2 years of age and again in late childhood. Compared with children ages 5 years and older, younger patients are more likely to be female, exhibit dactylitis and small joint involvement, and express antinuclear antibodies. Progression to polyarticular disease (>or=5 joints) is more common in younger children, although joint involvement remains oligoarticular in the majority of children. In contrast, older patents tend to manifest enthesitis, axial joint disease, and persistent oligoarthritis. Uveitis is equally represented in both age groups. Despite a higher utilization of methotrexate therapy, younger patients required, on average, more than twice as long to achieve clinical remission (23 months versus 9.2 months; P = 0.044). Cluster analysis identified largely overlapping subgroups but suggested that the presence of dactylitis, rather than age, has the greatest capacity to predict essential features of the clinical phenotype. CONCLUSION: Juvenile PsA comprises 2 distinct populations of patients. Although the pathophysiologic correlate of this finding remains undefined, future studies should avoid the assumption that PsA in childhood constitutes a single etiologic entity.}, keywords = {Age of Onset Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid/*classification/*diagnosis/immunology Arthritis, Psoriatic/*classification/*diagnosis/immunology Child Child, Preschool Cluster Analysis Disease Progression Female Humans Male Phenotype} } @ARTICLE{Stoll1996, author = {Stoll, T. and Seifert, B. and Isenberg, D. A.}, title = {SLICC/ACR Damage Index is valid, and renal and pulmonary organ scores are predictors of severe outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Br J Rheumatol}, year = {1996}, volume = {35}, pages = {248-54}, number = {3}, note = {0263-7103 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {We investigated the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index as a predictor of severe outcome and an indicator of morbidity in different ethnic groups, and in regard to its validity. We retrospectively studied disease course within 10 yr of diagnosis in an inception cohort of 80 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The mean renal damage score (DS) at 1 yr after diagnosis was a significant predictor of endstage renal failure and the mean pulmonary DS at 1 yr significantly predicted death within 10 yr of diagnosis. Compared to Caucasians, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians had significantly higher mean total DS at 5 and 10 yr, and higher mean renal DS at 10 yr. At 5 yr, the mean renal DS in Afro-Caribbeans and the mean neuropsychiatric DS in Asians were significantly higher than in Caucasians. The rate of endstage renal failure in Caucasians was significantly lower than in the other ethnic groups. Our results confirm the validity of the SLICC/ACR Damage Index.}, keywords = {Adult Ethnic Groups Female Health Status Indicators Humans Kidney Diseases/etiology Lung Diseases/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*complications/ethnology/mortality Male Middle Aged Prognosis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Severity of Illness Index Societies, Medical} } @ARTICLE{Swaak2001, author = {Swaak, A. J. and van de Brink, H. and Smeenk, R. J. and Manger, K. and Kalden, J. R. and Tosi, S. and Marchesoni, A. and Domljan, Z. and Rozman, B. and Logar, D. and Pokorny, G. and Kovacs, L. and Kovacs, A. and Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G. and Moutsopoulos, H. M. and Chwalinska-Sadowska, H. and Dratwianka, B. and Kiss, E. and Cikes, N. and Anic, B. and Schneider, M. and Fischer, R. and Bombardieri, S. and Mosca, M. and Graninger, W. and Smolen, J. S.}, title = {Incomplete lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre study under the supervision of the EULAR Standing Committee on International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT)}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2001}, volume = {40}, pages = {89-94}, number = {1}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Anti-Inflammatory Agents Cardiovascular System/physiopathology Central Nervous System/physiopathology Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Hematopoietic System/physiopathology Humans Infant Kidney/physiopathology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis/drug therapy/*physiopathology Male Musculoskeletal System/physiopathology Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) Prednisolone/therapeutic use Prognosis Prospective Studies Skin/physiopathology} } @ARTICLE{Swaak1999, author = {Swaak, A. J. and van den Brink, H. G. and Smeenk, R. J. and Manger, K. and Kalden, J. R. and Tosi, S. and Marchesoni, A. and Domljan, Z. and Rozman, B. and Logar, D. and Pokorny, G. and Kovacs, L. and Kovacs, A. and Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G. and Moutsopoulos, H. M. and Chwalinska-Sadowska, H. and Dratwianka, B. and Kiss, E. and Cikes, N. and Branimir, A. and Schneider, M. and Fischer, R. and Bombardieri, S. and Mosca, M. and Smolen, J. S. and et al.}, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features in patients with a disease duration of over 10 years, first evaluation}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {1999}, volume = {38}, pages = {953-8}, number = {10}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study}, keywords = {Adult Age of Onset Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Longitudinal Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*diagnosis/drug therapy Male Middle Aged Retrospective Studies *Severity of Illness Index Steroids Time Factors} } @ARTICLE{Symmons2006, author = {Symmons, D. P. and Lunt, M. and Watkins, G. and Helliwell, P. and Jones, S. and McHugh, N. and Veale, D.}, title = {Developing classification criteria for peripheral joint psoriatic arthritis. Step I. Establishing whether the rheumatologist's opinion on the diagnosis can be used as the "gold standard"}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2006}, volume = {33}, pages = {552-7}, number = {3}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The study of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is hampered by the absence of a widely accepted, validated case definition. We investigated whether the physician's opinion can be used as a gold standard when developing classification criteria for peripheral joint PsA. METHODS: UK rheumatologists who had published on PsA and attendees at 3 international meetings on PsA held in the UK were polled by questionnaire. There were 3 phases. The first questionnaire asked whether rheumatologists believed in the construct of PsA. The second survey developed a list of features thought to distinguish patients with PsA from other forms of peripheral arthritis. The final phase was development of a series of 61 "paper" patients with various combinations of the features of PsA. The paper patients were assessed by 15 rheumatologists who were asked whether, in their opinion, the patient had PsA. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients and cross-tabulations were used to identify which clinical and laboratory features were associated with each subgroup. RESULTS: Rheumatologists agreed on the construct of PsA and that not all patients with psoriasis and an inflammatory polyarthritis have PsA. Latent class analysis identified 3 classes, corresponding to definite PsA; a middle group that was very likely to be given a diagnosis of PsA by some rheumatologists (high diagnosers), but unlikely to be given the diagnosis by others (low diagnosers); and a third group corresponding to "probably not PsA." CONCLUSION: For the group of patients with "definite PsA" the physician's opinion can be taken as the gold standard when developing classification criteria. However, for patients in the "middle group" there will always be disagreement with the gold standard whether the standard is based on the opinion of the high diagnosers or the low diagnosers.}, keywords = {Arthritis, Psoriatic/*classification/*diagnosis/physiopathology Arthrography Diagnosis, Differential *Expert Testimony Humans Joints/*pathology/physiopathology Reproducibility of Results Rheumatology/*methods} } @ARTICLE{Symmons1997, author = {Symmons, D. P. M. and Bankhead, C. R. and Harrison, B. J. and Brennan, P. and Barrett, E. M. and Scott, D. G. I. and Silman, A. J.}, title = {Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis - Results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England}, journal = {Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {1997}, volume = {40}, pages = {1955-1961}, number = {11} } @ARTICLE{Tan1982, author = {Tan, E. M. and Cohen, A. S. and Fries, J. F. and Masi, A. T. and McShane, D. J. and Rothfield, N. F. and Schaller, J. G. and Talal, N. and Winchester, R. J.}, title = {The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1982}, volume = {25}, pages = {1271-7}, number = {11}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article}, keywords = {Arthritis/etiology Diagnosis, Differential False Positive Reactions Hematologic Diseases/etiology Humans Kidney Diseases/etiology Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*classification/diagnosis Mouth Diseases/etiology Nervous System Diseases/etiology Serologic Tests Serositis/etiology Skin Diseases/etiology Ulcer/etiology} } @ARTICLE{Tan1997, author = {Tan, E. M. and Feltkamp, T. E. and Smolen, J. S. and Butcher, B. and Dawkins, R. and Fritzler, M. J. and Gordon, T. and Hardin, J. A. and Kalden, J. R. and Lahita, R. G. and Maini, R. N. and McDougal, J. S. and Rothfield, N. F. and Smeenk, R. J. and Takasaki, Y. and Wiik, A. and Wilson, M. R. and Koziol, J. A.}, title = {Range of antinuclear antibodies in "healthy" individuals}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1997}, volume = {40}, pages = {1601-11}, number = {9}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United states}, keywords = {Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/*analysis Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology Female Fibromyalgia/immunology Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Humans Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology Male Middle Aged Reference Values Rheumatic Diseases/*immunology Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology Sjogren's Syndrome/immunology Tumor Cells, Cultured} } @ARTICLE{Tapanes2000, author = {Tapanes, F. J. and Vasquez, M. and Ramirez, R. and Matheus, C. and Rodriguez, M. A. and Bianco, N.}, title = {Cluster analysis of antinuclear autoantibodies in the prognosis of SLE nephropathy: are anti-extractable nuclear antibodies protective?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2000}, volume = {9}, pages = {437-44}, number = {6}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {To investigate the possible role of anti-ENA autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of SLE nephropathy, we performed a cross sectional clustering study of 91 SLE patients using 75 clinical and laboratory variables examining the presence of anti-dsDNA and ENA autoantibodies by ELISA and Western blot. We applied principal component, hierarchical cluster, multiple correspondence and logistical regression analysis. Two polar forms of SLE nephropathy and five clinical groups were identified: group 1 without overt nephropathy (n = 37), group 2 with nephropathy and only proteinuria (n = 19), group 3 nephropathy and only hematuria (n = 11), group 4 with hematuria and proteinuria (n = 14) and group 5 on renal failure (n = 10). When analyzed individually, levels of anti-dsDNA and single anti-ENA antibodies did not allow us to differentiate between renal and non-renal groups. However, when the anti-ENA autoantibodies were analyzed as a cluster, a high predictive value for clinical nephropathy was obtained. Thus, the absence of ENA antibodies (ENA ve or Venezuelan cluster) increased eleven-fold the odds ratio to develop SLE nephropathy. We suggested that the ENA ve cluster may predict development of the most severe forms of renal lupus while the ENA Sm/RNP and the ENA Ro/La/Sm/RNP clusters could be associated with the absence and the most benign form of SLE nephropathy. It must be interesting to apply similar cluster methodology in an SLE population with different ethnic background.}, keywords = {Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Antinuclear/*analysis/*immunology Autoantibodies/analysis/immunology Child Cluster Analysis Cross-Sectional Studies Humans Lupus Nephritis/*immunology/physiopathology Middle Aged Predictive Value of Tests Prognosis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't} } @ARTICLE{Taylor2006, author = {Taylor, W. and Gladman, D. and Helliwell, P. and Marchesoni, A. and Mease, P. and Mielants, H.}, title = {Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2006}, volume = {54}, pages = {2665-73}, number = {8}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article Multicenter Study}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of existing classification criteria for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to construct new criteria from observed data. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from consecutive clinic attendees with PsA and other inflammatory arthropathies. Subjects were classified by each of 7 criteria. Sensitivity and specificity were compared using conditional logistic regression analysis. Latent class analysis was used to calculate criteria accuracy in order to confirm the validity of clinical diagnosis as the gold standard definition of "case"-ness. Classification and Regression Trees methodology and logistic regression were used to identify items for new criteria, which were then constructed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Data were collected on 588 cases and 536 controls with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 384), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 72), undifferentiated arthritis (n = 38), connective tissue disorders (n = 14), and other diseases (n = 28). The specificity of each set of criteria was high. The sensitivity of the Vasey and Espinoza method (0.97) was similar to that of the method of McGonagle et al (0.98) and greater than that of the methods of Bennett (0.44), Moll and Wright (0.91), the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (0.74), and Gladman et al (0.91). The CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria consisted of established inflammatory articular disease with at least 3 points from the following features: current psoriasis (assigned a score of 2; all other features were assigned a score of 1), a history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present), a family history of psoriasis (unless current psoriasis was present or there was a history of psoriasis), dactylitis, juxtaarticular new bone formation, rheumatoid factor negativity, and nail dystrophy. These criteria were more specific (0.987 versus 0.960) but less sensitive (0.914 versus 0.972) than those of Vasey and Espinoza. CONCLUSION: The CASPAR criteria are simple and highly specific but less sensitive than the Vasey and Espinoza criteria.}, keywords = {Adult Arthritis, Psoriatic/*classification/*diagnosis Comparative Study Female Humans *International Cooperation Logistic Models Male Middle Aged Prospective Studies ROC Curve Reproducibility of Results Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't} } @ARTICLE{Taylor2005, author = {Taylor, W. J.}, title = {Preliminary identification of core domains for outcome studies in psoriatic arthritis using Delphi methods}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {2005}, volume = {64 Suppl 2}, pages = {ii110-2}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop a consensus based set of core domains for outcome studies in psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: A list of 26 potential domains was prepared through literature review and email discussions amongst the GRAPPA steering committee members and scored by rheumatologists identified through membership of the CASPAR study and the steering committee. Each participant was emailed an up to date review of outcome measures in psoriatic arthritis and asked to distribute 100 points amongst each potential domain. In two subsequent rounds the group median, interquartile range, and earlier responses were emailed to each respondent to provide an opportunity to revise their scoring. RESULTS: Thirty two participants responded to the first round, of whom 30 responded to the third round. For DC-ART, the highest scoring domains were actively inflamed joint count, radiological damage score, patient global assessment, pain, physical function, acute phase response, and quality of life (scores 7 to 12). For SMARD, the highest scoring domains were pain, patient global assessment, physical function, quality of life, and active joint count (scores 10 to 18). For clinical record keeping, three domains scored highly at 10 (pain, patient global assessment, and active joint count). For rehabilitation, the highest scoring domains were physical function, quality of life, pain, patient global assessment, work limitations, and work incapacity (scores 10 to 15). CONCLUSION: Amongst rheumatologists with an interest in psoriatic arthritis, a reduced list of potential standard outcome domains have been defined by Delphi consensus methods.}, keywords = {Arthritis, Psoriatic/diagnosis/*therapy Delphi Technique *Health Status Indicators Humans Severity of Illness Index Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Taylor2000, author = {Taylor, W. J. and Fellow, D. E. and Helliwell, P. S.}, title = {Case definition of psoriatic arthritis}, journal = {Lancet}, year = {2000}, volume = {356}, pages = {2095; author reply 2096}, number = {9247}, note = {0140-6736 (Print) Comment Letter}, keywords = {Antirheumatic Agents/*therapeutic use Arthritis, Psoriatic/diagnosis/*drug therapy Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis/drug therapy Biological Response Modifiers/*therapeutic use Diagnosis, Differential Humans Immunoglobulin G/*therapeutic use Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/*therapeutic use} } @ARTICLE{Taylor2004, author = {Taylor, W. J. and Marchesoni, A. and Arreghini, M. and Sokoll, K. and Helliwell, P. S.}, title = {A comparison of the performance characteristics of classification criteria for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2004}, volume = {34}, pages = {575-84}, number = {3}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{To2005, author = {To, C. H. and Petri, M.}, title = {Is antibody clustering predictive of clinical subsets and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus?}, journal = {Arth Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {52}, pages = {4003-4010}, number = {12} } @ARTICLE{Tonidandel2004, author = {Tonidandel, S. and Overall, J. E.}, title = {Determining the number of clusters by sampling with replacement}, journal = {Psychological Methods}, year = {2004}, volume = {9}, pages = {238-249}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Toraldo2005, author = {Toraldo, D. M. and Nicolardi, G. and De Nuccio, F. and Lorenzo, R. and Ambrosino, N.}, title = {Pattern of variables describing desaturator COPD patients, as revealed by cluster analysis}, journal = {Chest}, year = {2005}, volume = {128}, pages = {3828-37}, number = {6}, note = {0012-3692 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Trimble1974, author = {Trimble, R. B. and Townes, A. S. and Robinson, H. and Kaplan, S. B. and Chandler, R. W. and Hanissian, A. S. and Masi, A. T.}, title = {Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evaluation in early diagnosed SLE and rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1974}, volume = {17}, pages = {184-8}, number = {2}, note = {0004-3591 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Turnbull1996, author = {Turnbull, J.}, title = {Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: nosographic and nosologic considerations}, journal = {Neurology}, year = {1996}, volume = {46}, pages = {901-6}, number = {4}, note = {0028-3878 (Print) Journal Article Review} } @ARTICLE{Uhlig1999, author = {Uhlig, T. and Hagen, K. B. and Kvien, T. K.}, title = {Current tobacco smoking, formal education, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1999}, volume = {26}, pages = {47-54}, number = {1}, note = {Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Canada} } @ARTICLE{Urowitz1977, author = {Urowitz, M. B.}, title = {SLE subsets--divide and conquer}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {1977}, volume = {4}, pages = {332-3}, number = {4}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Editorial} } @ARTICLE{Urowitz2005, author = {Urowitz, M. B. and Gladman, D. D.}, title = {Contributions of observational cohort studies in systemic lupus erythematosus: the university of toronto lupus clinic experience}, journal = {Rheum Dis Clin North Am}, year = {2005}, volume = {31}, pages = {211-21, v}, number = {2}, note = {Journal Article Review United States} } @ARTICLE{Leuven2006, author = {van Leuven, S. I. and Kastelein, J. J. and D'Cruz, D. P. and Hughes, G. R. and Stroes, E. S.}, title = {Atherogenesis in rheumatology}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {117-21}, number = {3}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review} } @ARTICLE{Leuven2005, author = {van Leuven, S. I. and Kastelein, J. J. and Hayden, M. R. and d'Cruz, D. and Hughes, G. R. and Stroes, E. S.}, title = {Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: has the time for action come?}, journal = {Curr Opin Lipidol}, year = {2005}, volume = {16}, pages = {501-6}, number = {5}, note = {0957-9672 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{VanMechelen2004, author = {Van Mechelen, I. and Bock, H. H. and De Boeck, P.}, title = {Two-mode clustering methods: a structured overview}, journal = {Statistical Methods in Medical Research}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {363-394}, number = {5}, abstract = {In this paper we present a structured overview of methods for two-mode clustering, that is, methods that provide a simultaneous clustering of the rows and columns of a rectangular data matrix. Key structuring principles include the nature of row, column and data clusters and the type of model structure or associated loss function. We illustrate with analyses of symptom data on archetypal psychiatric patients.} } @ARTICLE{Vasoo2005, author = {Vasoo, S. and Hughes, G. R.}, title = {Theory, targets and therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2005}, volume = {14}, pages = {181-8}, number = {3}, note = {Journal Article Review England}, abstract = {The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been refined over the years, with the recognition that a fine balance lies between aggressive and prompt therapy and attendant complications brought upon by immunosuppressive therapy itself. However, there has been limited change to the repertoire of drugs available to treat this challenging disease. The current standard therapy for severe manifestations of SLE includes the use of high-dose corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CYC), which have been associated with an increased risk of serious and opportunistic infections. The need for safer, more targeted therapies has been recognized and now, with the exponential increase in the understanding of immunopathogenic mechanisms in SLE, the way has been paved for the development of biologic or targeted therapies in SLE. Although the potential immunosuppression, long-term safety issues and cost-effectiveness remain unclear. These targeted therapies may range from small molecules that specifically inhibit inflammatory processes at an intracellular, cell-cell or cell-matrix level to monoclonal antibodies, soluble receptors or natural antagonists that interfere with cytokine function, cellular activation and inflammatory gene transcription.}, keywords = {Animals *Biological Therapy Humans Immunosuppression/*methods Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*immunology/*therapy} } @ARTICLE{Venables1998, author = {Venables, P. J.}, title = {Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases: mixed or muddled?}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {1998}, volume = {7}, pages = {73-4}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Comment Editorial}, keywords = {Connective Tissue Diseases/*blood/*diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Humans Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/blood/diagnosis} } @ARTICLE{Venables2006, author = {Venables, P. J.}, title = {Mixed connective tissue disease}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2006}, volume = {15}, pages = {132-7}, number = {3}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article Review}, abstract = {Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was first described in 1972 as a disease syndrome with overlapping features of systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and polymyositis associated with antibodies to RNAse sensitive extractable nuclear antigen. When the antigen was subsequently characterized as polypeptides on the U1 ribonuclear protein component of the splicesosome (U1RNP), MCTD became the first rheumatic disease syndrome to be defined by a serologic test. Clinical features include a high frequency of Raynaud's syndrome, swollen hands, sclerodactyly, arthritis, polymyositis and interstitial lung disease. Over the last 30 years there has been a continuing debate as to whether MCTD constitutes a 'distinct clinical entity'. Here, I will review the pathological, immunogenetic and clinical features of MCTD and conclude that the debate remains unresolved. The early misconception that it has a relatively good prognosis has not stood the test of time with long-term follow-up studies. These have identified a tendency for MCTD to evolve into SLE or systemic sclerosis and highlighted pulmonary hypertension and scleroderma renal crisis as important causes of death. Providing it is realized that our appreciation of the clinical features associated with anti-U1RNP have evolved over time, MCTD remains a useful concept in clinical practice. Whether it can be credited with the term 'disease' awaits the demonstration of common etiopathological events underlying the development of antibodies to U1 RNP and their associated clinical features.}, keywords = {Humans Mixed Connective Tissue Disease/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/chemistry/physiology} } @ARTICLE{Vestergaard2002, author = {Vestergaard, P.}, title = {Smoking and thyroid disorders - a meta-analysis}, journal = {European Journal of Endocrinology}, year = {2002}, volume = {146}, pages = {153-161}, number = {2} } @ARTICLE{Vila2004, author = {Vila, L. M. and Alarcon, G. S. and McGwin, G., Jr. and Friedman, A. W. and Baethge, B. A. and Bastian, H. M. and Fessler, B. J. and Reveille, J. D.}, title = {Early clinical manifestations, disease activity and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus among two distinct US Hispanic subpopulations}, journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford)}, year = {2004}, volume = {43}, pages = {358-63}, number = {3}, note = {1462-0324 (Print) Journal Article}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To compare the baseline clinical manifestations, immunological features, disease activity and damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients from two US Hispanic subgroups. METHODS: A total of 105 Hispanic SLE patients from Texas (a population of Mexican or Central American ancestry) and 81 from the island of Puerto Rico (all Puerto Ricans) participating in a longitudinal study of outcome were examined. The socio-economic/demographic, clinical and immunological variables were obtained at the time of enrollment (T(0)). Disease activity was determined with the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), and disease damage with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) Damage Index (SDI). Disease activity was also determined at the time of diagnosis (T(D)). RESULTS: At T(0) Hispanics from Texas were younger than those from Puerto Rico (33.1 +/- 12.0 vs 37.5 +/- 11.6 yr, P = 0.0125). Both groups were similar with regard to gender distribution (92.4 vs 95.1\% females) and disease duration (1.4 +/- 1.4 vs 1.7 +/- 1.3 yr). Hispanics from Texas were more likely to have serositis (60.0 vs 8.6\%, P < 0.0001), renal involvement (41.0 vs 13.6\%, P < 0.0001), psychosis (5.7 vs 0.0\%, P = 0.0365) and thrombocytopenia (21.0 vs 3.7\%, P = 0.0006). On the other hand, Hispanics from Puerto Rico were more likely to have photosensitivity (81.5 vs 41.0\%, P < 0.0001), malar rash (65.4 vs 45.7\%, P = 0.0074) and discoid rash (13.6 vs 2.9\%, P = 0.0060). At baseline, the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies was higher in Hispanics from Texas (69.5\% vs 46.9\%, P = 0.0018) while anti-Ro antibodies were more frequent in Hispanics from Puerto Rico (24.7 vs 11.4\%, P = 0.0175). Mean SLAM scores at T(D) (12.9 +/- 6.4 vs 9.1 +/- 4.6, P < 0.0001) and T(0) (10.9 +/- 6.3 vs 6.6 +/- 3.8, P < 0.0001) were significantly higher in Hispanics from Texas. Similarly, mean SDI scores at T(0) were higher in Hispanics from Texas (0.67 +/- 1.08 vs 0.26 +/- 0.54, P = 0.0026). By stepwise Poisson regression, SDI scores were associated with older age, disease activity and ethnicity (Hispanics from Texas). CONCLUSIONS: Early in SLE, marked differences are observed between Hispanics from Texas and Puerto Rico. Higher disease activity, more major organ involvement, higher frequency of anti-dsDNA antibodies and more damage accrual occur in Hispanic lupus patients from Texas than in those from Puerto Rico.}, keywords = {Adult Age Factors Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood Autoantibodies/*blood Comparative Study Female *Hispanic Americans Humans Longitudinal Studies Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*ethnology/immunology/therapy Male Middle Aged Puerto Rico Regression Analysis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Texas Treatment Outcome} } @ARTICLE{Vila2000, author = {Vila, L. M. and Mayor, A. M. and Valentin, A. H. and Garcia-Soberal, M. and Vila, S.}, title = {Clinical outcome and predictors of disease evolution in patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2000}, volume = {9}, pages = {110-5}, number = {2}, note = {0961-2033 (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Vila1999, author = {Vila, L. M. and Mayor, A. M. and Valentin, A. H. and Rodriguez, S. I. and Reyes, M. L. and Acosta, E. and Vila, S.}, title = {Association of sunlight exposure and photoprotection measures with clinical outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {P R Health Sci J}, year = {1999}, volume = {18}, pages = {89-94}, number = {2}, note = {Comparative Study Journal Article Puerto rico} } @ARTICLE{Vina2005, author = {Vina, E. R. and Fang, A. J. and Wallace, D. J. and Weisman, M. H.}, title = {Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prognosis and outcome}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {175-84}, number = {3}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Case Reports Journal Article Review} } @ARTICLE{Vitali2002, author = {Vitali, C. and Bombardieri, S. and Jonsson, R. and Moutsopoulos, H. M. and Alexander, E. L. and Carsons, S. E. and Daniels, T. E. and Fox, P. C. and Fox, R. I. and Kassan, S. S. and Pillemer, S. R. and Talal, N. and Weisman, M. H.}, title = {Classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group}, journal = {Ann Rheum Dis}, year = {2002}, volume = {61}, pages = {554-8}, number = {6}, note = {0003-4967 (Print) Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Review} } @ARTICLE{Walker-Bone2000, author = {Walker-Bone, K. and Cooper, C.}, title = {The spectrum of inflammatory rheumatic disorders}, journal = {Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol}, year = {2000}, volume = {14}, pages = {425-44}, number = {3}, note = {1521-6942 (Print) Journal Article Review} } @ARTICLE{Wallace1999, author = {Wallace, D. J.}, title = {What constitutes a fibromyalgia expert?}, journal = {Arthritis Care Res}, year = {1999}, volume = {12}, pages = {82-4}, number = {2}, note = {0893-7524 (Print) Editorial} } @ARTICLE{Wallace1995, author = {Wallace, D. J. and Quismorio, F. P., Jr.}, title = {The elusive search for geographic clusters of systemic lupus erythematosus. Critical review}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1995}, volume = {38}, pages = {1564-7}, number = {11}, note = {Journal Article Review United states} } @ARTICLE{Ward1963, author = {Ward, J. H.}, title = {Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, year = {1963}, volume = {58}, pages = {236-\&}, number = {301}, note = {P1027 Cited References Count:7} } @ARTICLE{Ward2004, author = {Ward, M. M.}, title = {Prevalence of physician-diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey}, journal = {J Womens Health (Larchmt)}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {713-8}, number = {6}, note = {Journal Article United States} } @ARTICLE{Ward2005, author = {Ward, M. M.}, title = {Severity of illness in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus hospitalized at academic medical centers}, journal = {J Rheumatol}, year = {2005}, volume = {32}, pages = {27-33}, number = {1}, note = {0315-162X (Print) Journal Article} } @ARTICLE{Weening2004, author = {Weening, J. J. and D'Agati, V. D. and Schwartz, M. M. and Seshan, S. V. and Alpers, C. E. and Appel, G. B. and Balow, J. E. and Bruijn, J. A. and Cook, T. and Ferrario, F. and Fogo, A. B. and Ginzler, E. M. and Hebert, L. and Hill, G. and Hill, P. and Jennette, J. C. and Kong, N. C. and Lesavre, P. and Lockshin, M. and Looi, L. M. and Makino, H. and Moura, L. A. and Nagata, M.}, title = {The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited}, journal = {J Am Soc Nephrol}, year = {2004}, volume = {15}, pages = {241-50}, number = {2}, note = {Comment Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Jasn} } @ARTICLE{Werth2005, author = {Werth, V. P.}, title = {Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Autoimmun Rev}, year = {2005}, volume = {4}, pages = {296-302}, number = {5}, note = {1k24ar002207/ar/niams Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review Netherlands} } @ARTICLE{Wilson1999, author = {Wilson, W. A. and Gharavi, A. E. and Koike, T. and Lockshin, M. D. and Branch, D. W. and Piette, J. C. and Brey, R. and Derksen, R. and Harris, E. N. and Hughes, G. R. and Triplett, D. A. and Khamashta, M. A.}, title = {International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop}, journal = {Arthritis Rheum}, year = {1999}, volume = {42}, pages = {1309-11}, number = {7}, note = {Consensus Development Conference Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review United states} } @ARTICLE{Wu2005, author = {Wu, C. W. and Morrell, M. R. and Heinze, E. and Concoff, A. L. and Wollaston, S. J. and Arnold, E. L. and Singh, R. and Charles, C. and Skovrun, M. L. and FitzGerald, J. D. and Moreland, L. W. and Kalunian, K. C.}, title = {Validation of American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis using arthroscopically defined cartilage damage scores}, journal = {Semin Arthritis Rheum}, year = {2005}, volume = {35}, pages = {197-201}, number = {3}, note = {0049-0172 (Print) Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial} } @ARTICLE{Holubar1980, author = {Holubar, Karl}, title = {Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus}, journal = {American Journal of Dermatopathology}, year = {1980}, volume = {2}, pages = {239-242}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @BOOK{Lahita1987, title = {Systemic lupus erythematosus}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = {1987}, author = {Lahita, Robert G.}, address = {New York}, note = {86011007 edited by Robert G. Lahita ; with a foreword by Henry G. Kunkel. ill. ; 24 cm. A Wiley medical publication Includes bibliographies and index.}, keywords = {Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic.}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{CDC1985, author = {CDC}, title = {Current trends: revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting--United States}, journal = {MMWR}, year = {1985}, volume = {34}, pages = {373-5}, number = {25}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{CDC1982, author = {CDC}, title = {Update on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)--United States}, journal = {MMWR}, year = {1982}, volume = {31}, pages = {507-14}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Thomas2000, author = {Thomas, E. and Barret, J. H. and Donn, R. P. and Thomson, W. and Southwood, T. R.}, title = {Subtyping of juvenile idiopathic arthritis using latent class analysis}, journal = {Arthritis and Rheumatism}, year = {2000}, volume = {43}, pages = {1496-1503}, number = {7}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Bierma-Zeinstra2001, author = {Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M. A. and Bohnen, A. M. and Bernsen, R. M. D. and Ridderikhoff, J. and Verhaar, J. A. N. and Prins, A.}, title = {Hip problems in older adults: Classification by cluster analysis}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology}, year = {2001}, volume = {54}, pages = {1139-1145}, number = {11}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Holubar2001, author = {Holubar, K. and Fatovic-Ferencic, S.}, title = {1902-2002: A hundred years later Moriz Kaposi 1837-1902: a historical reappraisal}, journal = {Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift}, year = {2001}, volume = {113}, pages = {885-893}, number = {22}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Fatovic-Ferencic2004, author = {Fatovic-Ferencic, S. and Holubar, K.}, title = {Early history and iconography of lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Clinics in Dermatology}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, pages = {100-104}, number = {2}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{King2007, author = {King, W. M. and Giess, S. A. and Lombardino, L. J.}, title = {Subtyping of children with developmental dyslexia via bootstrap aggregated clustering and the gap statistic: comparison with the double-deficit hypothesis}, journal = {International Journal of Language \& Communication Disorders}, year = {2007}, volume = {42}, pages = {77-95}, number = {1}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Happe2006, author = {Happe, F. and Ronald, A. and Plomin, R.}, title = {Time to give up on a single explanation for autism}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, year = {2006}, volume = {9}, pages = {1218-1220}, number = {10}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Schellenberg2006, author = {Schellenberg, G. D. and Dawson, G. and Sung, Y. J. and Estes, A. and Munson, J. and Rosenthal, E. and Rothstein, J. and Flodman, P. and Smith, M. and Coon, H. and Leong, L. and Yu, C. E. and Stodgell, C. and Rodier, P. M. and Spence, M. A. and Minshew, N. and McMahon, W. M. and Wijsman, E. M.}, title = {Evidence for multiple loci from a genome scan of autism kindreds}, journal = {Molecular Psychiatry}, year = {2006}, volume = {11}, pages = {1049-1060}, number = {11}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{Geschwind2007, author = {Geschwind, D. H. and Levitt, P.}, title = {Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes}, journal = {Current Opinion in Neurobiology}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, pages = {103-111}, number = {1}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.11.10} } @ARTICLE{SpeckmanC, author = {Speckman, Rebecca A. and Drenkard, Cristina and Klein, Mitchel and Bostick, Roberd and Lim, S. Sam and}, title = {Using class discovery methods to explore early lupus subtypes in the Georgia Lupus Registry.}, journal = {In preparation}, year = {in preparation}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.12.15} } @ARTICLE{Albrecht2004, author = {Albrecht, J. and Berlin, J. A. and Braverman, I. M. and Callen, J. P. and Costner, M. I. and Dutz, J. and Fivenson, D. and Franks, A. G. and Jorizzo, J. L. and Lee, L. A. and McCauliffe, D. P. and Sontheimer, R. D. and Werth, V. P.}, title = {Dermatology position paper on the revision of the 1982 ACR criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus}, journal = {Lupus}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, pages = {839-849}, number = {11}, abstract = {The 1982 ACR classification criteria have become de facto diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but a review of the criteria is necessary to include recent diagnostic tests. The criteria were not developed with the help of dermatologists, and assign too much weight to the skin as one expression of a multiorgan disease. Consequently, patients with skin diseases are classified as SLE based mostly on skin symptoms. We discuss specific problems with each dermatologic criterion, but changes must await a new study. We suggest the following guidelines for such a study, aimed at revision of the criteria. 1) The SLE patient group should be recruited in part by dermatologists. 2) The study should evaluate an appropriate international ethnic/racial mix, including late onset SLE as well as pediatric patients. 3) All patients should have current laboratory and clinical evaluations, as suggested in the paper, to assure the criteria can be up-to-date. This includes anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies and skin biopsies for suspected cutaneous lupus erythematosus except for nonscarring alopecia and oral ulcers. 4) The study should be based on a series of transparent power calculations. 5) The control groups should represent relevant differential diagnoses in numbers large enough to assess diagnostic problems that might be specific to these differential diagnoses. In order to demonstrate specificity of the criteria with a 95% confidence interval between 90 and 100%, each control group of the above should have at least 73 patients.}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.12.15} } @ARTICLE{AlAttia2006, author = {Al Attia, H. M.}, title = {Borderline systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a separate entity or a forerunner to SLE?}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, year = {2006}, volume = {45}, pages = {366-369}, number = {4}, abstract = {Aim To compare a subgroup of patients with borderline systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with those with classic lupus in order to determine whether the former subset is a separate entity or a forerunner to SLE. Methods A retrospective survey was undertaken of a database containing the clinical information of a total of 71 patients in an Abu Dhabi hospital setting over a 12-year period. Data of interest were criterial and noncriterial features of SLE together with relevant laboratory tests. Results Fifty-six patients had SLE and 15 were considered to have borderline SLE as they satisfied less than four criteria of classification. Age and female sex distribution were no different in the two subgroups, but the disease duration was shorter in patients with borderline lupus. The occurrence of arthropathy (nonerosive), serositis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and malar eruption was common to both subgroups. Patients with borderline SLE lacked other mucocutaneous manifestations of lupus and major organ disease involvement. A number of other clinical features were also observed in the latter subgroup, including antiphospholipid (APL) syndrome. In addition, patients with borderline SLE expressed a multiple autoantibody profile, but had lower titers of antinuclear factor (ANF) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies than those with classic SLE. None progressed to full-blown SLE after a mean period of follow-up of 21.2 months. Conclusions In our patients, borderline SLE was milder than classic lupus, yet shared a wide spectrum of noncriterial features and also produced clinical subsets. The clinical heterogeneity and multiple antibody profile may suggest that borderline SLE is a forerunner to SLE rather than a separate entity. A regular and longer period of follow-up is required, however, to ultimately determine the fate of these patients.}, owner = {rebeccaspeckman}, timestamp = {2009.12.15} }