Epidemiologic risk of dengue and the role of human movement in an economically disadvantaged urban environment. Open Access
Rinaldi, Parisa Nourani (2011)
Abstract
Dengue virus, the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus in the world, has been re-emerging and propagating in recent years across the world through increased host, pathogen, and vector interactions. The behavior of the host is integral to understanding dengue epidemiology and risk of exposure to the vector, Aedes aegypti. Because the vector moves relatively short distances and feeds during the day, movement patterns of humans may play an important role in disease propagation. The current study is an assessment of some of the contributions of human movement to transmission of dengue in the economically disadvantaged urban environment (EDUE) of Iquitos, Peru. Demographics of study participants as well as entomological indices at the household level were included in the analysis.
The current study drew on methods from the literature of time
geography as well as novel metrics to quantify the study
participants' "activity spaces." An activity space is defined by
the locations visited and paths used. Activity space metrics as
well as entomological and demographic variables were tested for
significance in explaining rates of seroprevalence and
seroincidence of dengue virus (DENV) using univariate logistic
regression. Full multivariate
models for seroprevalence and seroincidence of DENV included both
fixed effects (demographic, entomologic, and activity space
variables) and random effects (individual participants and
neighborhoods). These mixed-models were ranked using the Deviation
Information Criterion (DIC) for model comparison.
The results of the study indicate that most movements are within 500 m of a house, which may be important in predicting risk and defining areas for control and surveillance. We conclude that there is no "best" model for explaining seroprevalence and seroincidence of DENV. Age of the participant and one measure of activity space, namely the sum of routinely visited locations' distance from home, were significant variables for DENV prevalence. Number of residents in house was significantly associated with dengue incidence and there were no significant variables explaining DENV-4 incidence. We discuss the limitations of the study as well as future directions and conclude that more studies are needed to explore the role of human movement in dengue propagation.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction...1
Aims...5
Materials and methods...6
Study Area...6
Study Design...7
Data Management and Processing...10
Data Analysis...13
Results...15
Demographics and Human Movement
Patterns...15
Ae. aegypti occurrence and DENV Infection
Patterns...17
Determinants of Dengue Infection...18
Discussion...19
Limitations...23
Future Directions...25
References...26
Figures and Tables
Tables...29
Table 1. Summary of fixed and random
effects...29
Table 2. Key demographic attributes...30
Table 3. Prevalence and Incidence by demographics...31
Table 4. Results of univariate logistic regression...32
Table 5. Summary of top 5 mixed-effects models for DENV
prevalence...33
Table 6. Summary of top 5 mixed-effects models for DENV
incidence...33
Table 7. Summary of top 5 mixed-effects models for DENV-4
incidence...33
Figures...34
Figure 1. Map of Iquitos, Peru and location of
study areas...34
Figure 2. Illustration of spatial and non-spatial activity space
metrics...35
Figures 4a) through e). Non-spatial human movement
patterns...37
Figures 4f) through 4o). Spatial human movement patterns...38
Figure 5. Frequency and location types visited by
neighborhood...39
Figure 7. Frequency of locations visited and distance from
home...41
Figure 9. Frequency of "epi - locations" visited and distance from
home...43
Figure 6. Routine locations visited by Maynas and Tupac Amaru
residents...40
Figure 8. Map of routinely visited locations (RVLs)...42
Figure 10. Number of Dengue Virus Cases by Serotype and
Month...44
Figure 11. Dengue Virus Isolates from Iquitos Clinics...45
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