Transforming Global Health Security to Prevent, Detect and Respond: A Systematic Review of Workforce Development Open Access
Owusu Agyare, Bernard (Spring 2022)
Published
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed deep cracks in the global health security architecture. Although the health workforce has a responsibility to prevent, detect and respond to health threats, workforce is usually insufficiently prepared and uncoordinated. This systematic review aims to examine the state of the global health security workforce, identify gaps in workforce development, and offers recommendations to transform global health security to effectively prevent, detect and respond to health threats.
Methods: The study searched PubMed™; Web of Science™; and ERIC™ databases for English-language literature on global health workforce development published between January 2000 and December 2021. Electronic searches for selected articles were supplemented by manual reference screening. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Results: Out of 1,437 citations retrieved from the electronic searches, 37 articles were included in the review. There is increased interest in health workforce development activities immediately after a global health event. National governments, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were identified as the major stakeholders in workforce development whereas Physicians, nurses, and epidemiologists were identified as key professionals responsible for maintaining global health security. There was no specific tool or framework for the enumeration of workforce to identify demand and supply projections. Blended learning (combining online and in-person instruction) was identified as the preferred training modality for workforce development.
Conclusion: Findings suggested that there was no clear definition for global health security and which professions should constitute the global health workforce among stakeholders. There was also little recognition from stakeholders in animal and environmental health which undermined the principles of One Health. The study also identified that most workforce development frameworks were vague on indicators and competencies expected of the different cadre of health workforce. There was a need for sustained investment in the global health workforce and enhanced collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE 1
Introduction 1
Background 2
Problem statement 5
Purpose statement 7
Research questions 8
Significance 8
CHAPTER TWO 10
Literature review 10
Pandemic and health threats prevention 10
Pandemic and health threats detection 11
Pandemic and health threats response 12
Existing global health security workforce development frameworks 13
IHR framework 14
WHO framework on Workforce Development 16
Global Health Security Agenda Framework 16
International organizations and national governments' commitment to workforce development 18
Contemporary issues and workforce development 19
Climate change 19
Biotechnology-synthetic biology 19
One Health 20
Negative influence of neocolonialism 20
Re-examine the health security workforce cadre 21
Strengthening global coordination and capabilities 21
Summary 21
CHAPTER THREE 23
Methods 23
Literature search strategy 23
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 24
Inclusion 24
Exclusion 25
Data collection and management 25
Data extraction 25
Data synthesis 26
Institutional Review Board (IRB) 26
CHAPTER FOUR 27
Findings 27
Publications on Global Health Workforce Development 28
Existing frameworks for global health security workforce development 31
Key stakeholders identified for Global Health Workforce Development 35
Composition of global health security workforce 36
Key global health workforce 36
Monitoring global health workforce to anticipate demand 37
Global health workforce training modalities 40
CHAPTER FIVE 41
Discussion 41
Publication trends on global health workforce development 41
Geo-distribution of source literature 41
Key stakeholders and existing frameworks 42
Composition of global health security workforce 44
Monitoring the global health workforce to anticipate demand 45
Global health workforce training modalities 45
Conclusion 46
Strengths and Limitations 47
Recommendations 48
REFERENCES 49
APPENDIX 60
PRISMA 2020 Checklist 60
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