The Effect of Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Characteristics on the Quality of Water at the Point of Consumption in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala Open Access
Thornton, Andrew Thomas (2011)
Abstract
The Effect of Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Characteristics on the Quality of
Water at the Point of Consumption in Nueva Santa Rosa,
Guatemala
Background: Water contamination at the point of consumption
has important implications to
human health, particularly as it relates to diarrheal illness. Past
studies have found water
contamination to increase from the water source to the point of
consumption, and there is a need
to better understand this relationship.
Goal: The goal of our study was to evaluate potential
differences in the contamination of water at
both the source and point of consumption, and to determine risk
factors that may lead to the
contamination of consumed drinking water in the " municipio"
of Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala.
Methods: We conducted a randomized field study in which we
interviewed 210 households
regarding water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics and
practices. We collected water samples
at both the source and point of consumption from 139 households and
tested them for free
chlorine residual levels, total coliforms, and generic E.
coli.
Results: Chlorination was found in only 2 water samples at
both the source and point of
consumption. Contamination with total coliforms was found in more
than 97% of samples at both
the source and point of consumption. Contamination with E.
coli was found in more than 72% of
samples at both the source and point of consumption. No significant
difference was found in
contamination levels between the source and point of consumption
for total coliforms and E. coli.
Multivariate linear regression found that of all water, sanitation,
and hygiene characteristics, only
the amount of E. coli in source water was significantly
(positively) associated with the amount of
E. coli in water at the point of consumption.
Conclusion: This investigation highlights the importance of
water treatment to protect against
fecal contamination, and the need for point-of-use treatment to
protect drinking water at the point
of consumption in the absence of a chlorinated supply.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
LITERATURE REVIEW.....1
Measurement of fecal contamination of water: fecal indicator
bacteria versus pathogen detection.....2
Post-Source Water Contamination.....3
Post-Source Water Contamination Risk Factors.....4
Household Water Characteristics.....4
Sanitation and Hygiene Factors.....6
Socioeconomic Factors.....7
Study Site: Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala.....8
Statement of Need, Project Goals and Aims, Significance.....9
Statement of Need and Goal.....9
Project Aims.....9
Significance.....10
METHODS.....11
Household Selection.....11
Field Methods.....12
Laboratory Methods.....14
Data Collection and Management.....15
Analysis.....15
RESULTS.....19
Comparison of Water Quality Between the Source and Point of
Consumption.....20
Predictors of Water Quality at the Point of Consumption.....22
DISCUSSION.....25
Comparison of Water Quality Between the Source and Point of
Consumption.....25
Predictors of Water Quality at the Point of
Consumption.....26
Strengths and Limitations.....29
Conclusion.....31
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS.....32
REFERENCES.....34
TABLES.....40
Table 1. Demographic and Household Characteristics of 139
Households Surveyed in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala,
2010.....40
Table 2. Free Chlorine Residual Levels in Water Samples Taken at
the Source and Point of Consumption in Households in Nueva Santa
Rosa, Guatemala, 2010.....42
Table 3. Water Sample Contamination with Total Coliforms (TC) and
E. coli (EC) at the Source and Point of Consumption in Nueva
Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010.....43
Table 4. Unadjusted Relationship Between Household Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene Characteristics and E. coli
Contamination at the Point of Consumption in Nueva Santa Rosa,
Guatemala, 2010.....44
Table 5. Unadjusted Relationship Between Confounders and E.
coli Contamination at the Point of Consumption in Nueva Santa
Rosa, Guatemala,
2010.....45
Table 6. Final Adjusted and Reduced Regression Models for
Significant Predictors of E. coli Contamination at the Point
of Consumption in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 2010.....46
FIGURES.....48
Figure 1. Total coliform contamination levels do not vary
significantly between source and point of consumption.....48
Figure 2. Escherichia coli contamination levels do not vary
significantly between source and point of consumption.....49
APPENDIX A: IRB CLEARANCE.....50
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