Antimicrobial Activity of Ethnobotanically Selected Plant Extracts Against Porphyromonas gingivalis Open Access
Carrol, Danielle (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which causes tooth loss and deterioration of gingiva, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligaments. This bacteria has been linked to a number of peripheral and neurological diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infection, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, obesity, pre-term birth, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. P. gingivalis interacts with the brain directly via secreted proteases which enter the brain, induce inflammation, and directly affect β-Amyloid and tau proteins. Given how widespread periodontal disease is (greater than 70% of adults over 65 are affected), its range of damaging properties, and growing resistance to many antibiotics, finding new methods of inhibiting P. gingivalis growth is paramount. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery offers a promising method of discovering new compounds to combat P. gingivalis while also addressing the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. In this study, a review of plant medicines used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis was conducted. From the resulting database of 513 plants, 30 plants were tested against P. gingivalis, and 11 of these plants demonstrated high growth inhibition, verifying their traditional medicinal uses. Minimum inhibitory concentration as well as cytotoxicity against human keratinocytes was determined for each of these plant extracts. Promising therapeutic indices for these 11 plants supports further testing including biofilm eradication and bioactivity guided fractionation and potential development as antibiotic pharmaceuticals or additives to oral hygiene products.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Overview 9
Porpyromonas gingivalis – mechanisms of infection and evading host immune response 9
Antibiotic Resistance and the Search for New Antimicrobials 9
Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery 10
Specific Research Question and Project Aims 11
Chapter 2: Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis and the Brain 12
The inflammatory connection to AD 12
P. gingivalis causes increased inflammatory load and interacts directly with key AD pathologies 13
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods 14
Literature Review of Oral Health Related Plants 14
Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions 14
Colony Counting to determine CFU/mL 15
Single Concentration Screens 15
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assays 16
Cytotoxicity Assay 16
Chapter 4: Results 18
Literature Review of Oral Health Related Plants 18
Single Concentration Screens 19
MIC Assay 22
Cytotoxicity Assay 22
Chapter 5: Discussion 26
Supplementary Materials 38
Protocol Design 38
Oral Health Related Plants Review 44
Single Concentration Screen Full Results 92
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Antimicrobial Activity of Ethnobotanically Selected Plant Extracts Against Porphyromonas gingivalis () | 2020-04-21 18:50:39 -0400 |
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