From America to Japan and Back!: A Survey of Stylistic Influence between American Comics and Japanese Manga, starring God, the King, and the Ronin! Open Access
Gardepe, Sylvia Cullen (2011)
Abstract
Abstract
From America to Japan and Back!: A Survey of Stylistic Influence
between American Comics
and Japanese Manga, starring God, the King, and the Ronin!
By Sylvia Gardepe
During the 20th century, America and Japan developed two distinct
aesthetics and
industries for graphic storytelling despite sharing a source of
initial influence: Western comic
strips. In the modern American comic industry, Japanese styles are
combined with
the standard American aesthetic. Additionally, a modern mainstream
comic book published
almost anywhere is likely to display some form of influence from
the Japanese manga visual
aesthetic. What were once separate styles are now part of an
international pool of aesthetic
elements. Using the works of Osamu Tezuka, Jack Kirby, and Frank
Miller, I traced the development
of two unique national aesthetics and identified which visual
aspects of manga are incorporated
into the American comic aesthetic. While the styles defined by
Tezuka and Kirby are different
because of their cultural contexts, Miller uses both styles in his
work. He juxtaposes the two styles and
adapts elements of manga style into American context. Since Miller,
manga style has become a key
component of the American comic industry, both implicitly and
explicitly. Manga style is now a common
thread linking the look of comics not only in Japan and America,
but in the rest of the world as well.
While the two styles are still seen as distinct by the general
public, the creators are embracing a merging
style. Modern comic artists are contributing to and borrowing from
this international graphic narrative
culture, and as the medium continues to evolve, a distinction
between "manga" and "American comics"
may soon become obsolete.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….
1
Chapter 1: Japan's
God…………………………………………………………………….11
Chapter 2: America's
King………………………………………………………………..40
Chapter 3: Transplanted
Samurai…………………………………………………….58
Conclusion: Side by
Side………………………………………………………………….74
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………...81
List of Figures
Figures
1. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from "Atom Plays
the Role of Ambassador," Tetsuwan Atomu vol.
1…………………………..16
2. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from "Red Cat,"
Tetsuwan Atomu vol. 1............................................................20
3. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from "Mystery Man
of the Blast Furnace," Tetsuwan Atomu vol.
1………….………...………...21
4. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from
Hi no Tori:
Dawn………………….....................................................26
5. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from
Hi no Tori:
Dawn….................................................…………………..27
6. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from
Hi no Tori:
Dawn….................................................…………………..28
7. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from "The First
Storm of Spring," Black Jack vol.
1…………………………………………........35
8. Panel tracing by author of Osamu Tezuka, from "Is There
A Doctor?," Black Jack
vol.1………………………………………………………......36
9. Panel tracing by author of Jack Kirby and Joe Simon, from
Captain America
#3…........................................................…....48
10. Panel tracing by author of Frank Miller, from "Chapter 1,"
Ronin..................................................................……………………63
11. Panel tracing by author of Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima,
from "The Assassin's Road," Kozure
Okami………………………………...63
12. Panel tracing by author of Frank Miller, from "Chapter 3,"
Ronin……………………..................................................................66
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