The Association of Depression and Stigma in Caregivers of Children with Cystic Fibrosis Open Access
Kuykendall, Mary Danielle (2013)
Abstract
The purpose of this research survey was to investigate the relationship between depression and perceived stigma in caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Several studies have shown that caregivers of children with CF are at an increased risk for depression. Additionally, perceived stigma has been shown to be associated with this population. Theory of Reasoned Action was used to investigate how social norms (i.e., stigma) can influence attitudes (i.e., depression) as high perceived stigma combined with high levels of depression can lead to increased caregiver strain, decreasing caregivers 'desire to carry out behavioral intentions or behaviors, such as seeking treatment for their depression, or fulfilling their roles as caregivers. Thirty-five caregivers of children with CF completed a short survey. The presence and severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Parent Stigma Scale was used to measure stigma. Results show that with increased depressive symptoms in caregivers, perceived stigma also increased. In a linear regression model, perceived stigma was significantly associated with depressive symptoms when sex was controlled. Additionally, males were found to have higher depression scores compared to females when perceived stigma scores were controlled. Recommendations include regular screening for depressive symptoms in caregivers as levels are often see above population norm. Also, primary care providers are recommended to assess perceived stigma in caregivers in order connect those who do feel stigmatized to additional recourses to help combat the stigma and/or cope with their feelings.
Table of Contents
Chapter I. Introduction 1
Theory of Reasoned Action 2
Purpose 4
Chapter II. Review of the Literature 5
Cystic Fibrosis 5
Background 5
Who CF affects 6
Diagnosis 6
Treatment 7
Prognosis 8
Stigma 9
Defining Stigma 9
Chronic Disease and Stigma 9
Courtesy Stigma 9
Stigma and CF 10
Depression 11
Description 11
Depression in Caregivers 11
Depression in Caregivers of Children with CF 12
Perceived Stigma and Depression 15
Caregiver Strain 16
Caregiver Strain and CF 16
Conclusion 17
Chapter III. Method 18
Participants 18
Target Population 18
Recruitment 18
Procedures 18
Measures 19
Sample 19
Study Variables 19
Risks of Participation 20
Plans for data management and monitoring 21
Confidentiality 21
Informed Consent 21
Data Collection Instrument 22
Analysis Procedures 22
Chapter IV. Results 24
Descriptive Statistics 24
Research Question 1 26
Research Question 2 26
Chapter V. Discussion 29
Findings 29
Conclusions 30
Strengths and Limitations 31
Methodology 31
Sample Size and Recruitment 32
Instrument Design 33
Implications and Recommendations for Research and Practice 34
Recommendation for Future Research 34
Implications for Public Health 34
References 36
Appendix 43
Appendix A. Data Collection Instrument 43
Appendix B. Informed Consent 47
Appendix C. Distribution of Study Variables 49
About this Master's Thesis
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