Design, Development and Application of a Novel In-Silico High-throughput Screening Approach Open Access
Shi, Qi (2012)
Abstract
Computer-assisted molecular design is currently a routine component of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. In this thesis, a novel in-silico high-throughput screening approach is developed and applied to two drug discovery projects. The approach, termed FRESH (Fragment-based Exploitation of modular Synthesis by vHTS), is designed to balance multiple factors in addition to potency, namely synthetic feasibility, octane-water partition coefficient, cell-permeability, blood-brain-barrier penetration, metabolism and toxicity. The method combines rapid vHTS (virtual High Throughput Screening), pharmacological property prioritizing and 3D QSAR (Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship) construction. In the first applied project, the approach has provided an initial list of potentially selective NET/SERT (Norepinephrine Transporter/Serotonin Transporter) antagonists with different potency ratios based on existing homology models. In the second application project, the approach has provided a group of novel KCN1 analogs with predicted improvements in both potency and pharmacological properties by employing a two-site binding model for the p300/HIF-1α interaction. The third project on curcumin analogs is still attempting to build a suitable QSAR model. However, once the latter is developed, FRESH can be applied to assist identifying novel curcumin analogs as well.
Design, Development and Application of a Novel In-Silico High-throughput Screening Approach
B.S., Peking University, 2008
Advisor:
Dr. James P. Snyder
Dr. Dennis C. Liotta
A thesis submitted to the faculty of the
James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Chemistry
2012
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
...............................................................
1
1.1. Requirements for a molecule to qualify as a drug
...............................1
1.1.1 Chemical space
..................................................................................................
1
1.1.2. Drug likeness
....................................................................................................
2
1.1.3. CNS drug
likeness.............................................................................................
3
1.2. Computer assisted drug discovery
.......................................................4
1.2.1. In-silico estimation of the ligand-protein
interaction........................................ 5
1.2.2. In-silico estimation of physical/ADMET
properties......................................... 7
1.3. Challenges in the lead optimization step
.............................................8
1.3.1. Multi-target/site therapies
.................................................................................
8
1.3.2. Balancing multiple factors for multi-target
drugs........................................... 10
Chapter 2: Design and development of a novel high-
throughput virtual screening approach for MTL....................
11
2.1. Overall design strategy
......................................................................11
2.2. Screening software program
selection...............................................11
2.3. Algorithm design and optimization
...................................................12
Chapter 3: Application I: Composing novel SNRIs.................
16
3.1. Project
background............................................................................16
3.2. Challenges in the lead optimization step
...........................................17
3.3. Homology models of NET and SERT
...............................................19
3.4. Application of the FRESH approach
.................................................22
3.4.1. Protocol design for the FRESH
approach.......................................................
22
3.4.2. Resulting
structures.........................................................................................
25
Chapter 4: Application II: Identification of novel KCN1
analogs to block the p300/KCN1
interaction............................ 26
4.1. Project
background............................................................................26
4.2. Challenge in the lead optimization step
.............................................27
4.3. Two-site modeling of KCN1 for the p300 transcription
factor..........27
4.3.1. Binding receptor selection
..............................................................................
27
4.3.2. Binding site
selection......................................................................................
30
4.3.3. Linear regression attempts for KCN1
analogs................................................ 33
4.3.4. Evaluation of calculated energy values by ROC
............................................ 36
4.4. Application of the FRESH approach
.................................................37
4.4.1. Protocol design for the FRESH
approach.......................................................
38
4.4.2. Resulting
structures.........................................................................................
40
Chapter 5: Curcumin analogs as Pleiotropic Kinase Blockers43
5.1. Project
background............................................................................43
5.2. Modeling of curcumin analog against several
kinases.......................43
5.2.1. Modeling of AKT-1 and
AKT-2.....................................................................
44
5.2.2. Modeling of
VEGFR2.....................................................................................
51
5.3. Anticipated FRESH analysis
.............................................................52
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Future Work
............................... 54
Appendix I: A series of KCN1 analog with experimental IC50
values and predicted MM-GBSA
values................................... 56
References....................................................................................
64
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Ladostigil is derived from the framework combination of
Rivastigmine and
Rasagiline......................................................................................................................
10
Figure 2. A simple demo protocol for the FRESH
approach........................................... 13
Figure 3. Milnacipran and arylcyclopropylamine compounds
........................................ 17
Figure 4. Correlations of estimated binding NET affinity
with experimental Ki for six
ligands. Docking receptor was generated from Compound 5 induced
fitting. ............. 21
Figure 5. Correlations of estimated binding NET affinity
with experimental Ki for six
ligands. Docking receptor was generated from Compound 6 induced
fitting. ............. 21
Figure 6. Correlations of estimated binding SERT affinity
with experimental Ki for six
ligands. Docking receptor was generated from Compound 5 induced
fitting. ............. 22
Figure 7. Correlations of estimated binding SERT affinity
with experimental Ki for six
ligands. Docking receptor was generated from Compound 6 induced
fitting. ............. 22
Figure 8. Synthetic route for the arylcyclopropylamine
analogs ..................................... 23
Figure 9. The FRESH protocol (main interface) for
prioritizing arylcyclopropylamine
analogs. Some sub-protocol components are not shown.
............................................. 24
Figure 10. Structure of KCN1 with three highlighted
substituent groups ....................... 26
Figure 11. Affinity pull down analysis of p300 and
HIF-1α proteins using KCN1-
coupled agarose
beads...................................................................................................
29
Figure 12. 14C-KCN1 binding experiment result.
............................................................
29
Figure 13. KCN1 attached to the gold
surface.................................................................
30
Figure 14. SPR sensorgrams for KCN1 binding to
p300................................................. 30
Figure 15. p300-CH1 extracted from the complex.
......................................................... 31
Figure 16.
Crucial residues Leu344, Leu345, Cys388 and Cys393 on p300 CH1.
Leu344
is hidden under the helix behind
Leu345......................................................................
32
Figure 17. Four clefts chosen for the docking sites(left)
The top two sites with docked
KCN1
(right).................................................................................................................
32
Figure 18. Two helices on HIF-1α (purple) superimpose
with docked KCN1 at Site 1 and
Site 2
.............................................................................................................................
33
Figure 19. Crucial residues on HIF-1α, namely Leu795,
Cys800, Leu818 and Leu822 . 33
Figure 20. Linear regression attempt at Site 1.
................................................................
35
Figure 21. Linear regression attempt at Site 2.
................................................................
35
Figure 22. ROC at Site 1. AUC = 0.68
............................................................................
36
Figure 23. ROC at Site 2. AUC = 0.70
............................................................................
37
Figure 24. Synthetic route for KCN1 and its analogs
...................................................... 38
Figure 25. The FRESH protocol (main interface) for
prioritizing KCN1 analogs. Some
sub-protocol components are not
shown.......................................................................
39
Figure 26. The initial bio-test results for Compound
95.................................................. 42
Figure 27. Structures of curcumin analogs: EF24, EF31,
UBS109 and SEF31 .............. 44
Figure 28. Sequences of aligned AKT-1(lower row) and AKT-2
(upper row with residue
numbers). The residues around the ATP pocket are squared in
black.......................... 45
Figure 29. Top pose of EF31 on
AKT-2..........................................................................
46
Figure 30. Top pose of EF31 and EF24 on AKT-2.
........................................................ 47
Figure 31. Top pose of UBS109 (unprotonated) on AKT-2
............................................ 48
Figure 32. Top pose of SEF31 on
AKT-2........................................................................
48
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