Abstract
Introduction: Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases pose an
increasing threat to public health and global health security. 61%
of infectious and 75% of emerging diseases affecting humans are
zoonotic in nature. With over 63 million people around the world
today either forcibly displaced or refugees, the number of refugee
or displaced person camps continues to grow. Population movement of
humans and livestock, increased habitat overlap with wildlife, poor
sanitation and hygiene conditions, and low vaccination rates in
camp or conflict settings are known risk factors for communicable
and likely zoonotic disease transmission. We conducted a scoping
review to describe the extent and importance of zoonotic diseases
in camp-like settings. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive
literature search in 5 databases for articles that mentioned a case
or suspected case of zoonotic disease specifically in displaced
populations or people in camp or conflict settings. Articles were
screened for relevance and key characteristics were extracted if
included. We excluded mosquito-borne disease articles. Results: The
literature search yielded 579 articles. Of the 70 articles that met
inclusion criteria, 57% highlighted parasitic zoonoses, 34%
highlighted bacterial zoonoses, 29% highlighted viral zoonoses, and
4% highlighted zoonotic injury. 27 different zoonoses and 1
condition were reported within these articles. 15 articles
excluded, for not reporting any human zoonoses cases, identified
either zoonoses positive animals or non-mosquito vectors in camp
settings. Discussion: Zoonoses are present within camps and
conflict settings. Given that 18% of zoonoses identified are
notifiable under the International Health Regulations and 28.5% are
considered bioterrorism agents, the nature and associated risk of
the zoonoses seen within camp settings is significant and may be
further intensified in these vulnerable populations and camp
conditions. Further review of the current guidance documents
revealed gaps for how to adequately address zoonotic disease risk
in camp-like settings. Management of zoonoses within camps requires
an interdisciplinary One Health approach to help mitigate and
control zoonoses within camp settings.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Comprehensive Review of the
Literature 5 Chapter 3. Manuscript 13 Title Page 13 Abstract 14
Keywords 14 Background 15 Main Text 17 Review Methodology 17
Results 19 Discussion 27 Future Recommendations 31 Conclusions 34
Figures 36 Declarations 37 Ethics approval and consent to
participate 37 Consent for publication 37 Availability of data and
material 37 Competing Interests 37 Funding 37 Author's
Contributions 37 Acknowledgements 37 Author's Information 38
Chapter 4. Recommendations and Conclusions 39 References 44
About this Master's Thesis
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