HIV Testing Behaviors among Individuals Living in Atlanta Public Housing: An Analysis of the Relationship between Gender, Condom Social Norms, and Insurance Coverage Open Access
Young, Lawrence Samuel (2011)
Published
Abstract
Abstract
HIV Testing Behaviors among Individuals Living in Atlanta Public
Housing: An
Analysis of the
Relationship between Gender, Condom Social Norms, and Insurance
Coverage
By Lawrence S. Young
The present study utilized Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health
Services Use
(2002) to determine if there was a relationship between gender,
condom use social norms,
insurance coverage and HIV testing. Because of the high rates of
newly diagnosed HIV
among low-income African Americans, initiatives that promote HIV
testing to are being
implemented for this "high risk group". Testing and early detection
has been shown as an
effective way to prevent high rates of transmission and get HIV
positive individuals into
care. A recent CDC analysis found evidence that 2.1 percent of
heterosexuals living in
high-poverty urban areas in the United States are infected with HIV
(CDC, 2010). It is
necessary to explore predictors of testing. Many studies indicated
gender differences in
rates of HIV testing. Gender was used as a predictor because the
perception of the health
needs of men and women can have a direct impact on policy and
health interventions
centered on HIV prevention and studies have shown that women have
higher rates to
testing than men. Literature also indicates that lack of health
insurance can limit people's
access to health care, and impact HIV testing rates. Little
research has been done to
investigate how social norms about condom use impact testing, but
there is information
about how some other social norms relate to HIV testing.
Information for the secondary
data analysis came from sample of (n=172) residents living in
Atlanta Housing Authority
(AHA) who were part of the Emory University Hope VI study. Data
were analyzed using
bivariate and multivariate procedures. Even though the results of
this analysis were not
significant, the data did support findings in the literature. More
women in the sample got
tested than men, which is consistent with findings from the CDC and
other studies of
African Americans who live in public housing. The participants in
the sample had high
rates of HIV testing which was similar to other studies using
similar samples when
compared to other studies that looked at lifetime testing rates. It
is important that more
research is done to have a better understanding of how to promote
HIV testing to at risk
populations, and make testing for HIV more accessible to these
groups.
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge and thank all who were instrumental in
helping me
complete this project. First, I thank my thesis advisor Dr. Hannah
Cooper for allowing
me to use data from her research, and being a supportive thesis
mentor. This project
would have never happened without your support. I would also like
to thank Dr.
Kimberly Jacob Arriola for serving on my thesis committee and being
a great resource,
Dr. Deanne Swan, for answering all of my data analysis questions
and being available
whenever I needed her, and my thesis reading group (Anne, Ayesha,
and Stephanie) for
offering thoughtful and constructive comments to my thesis
drafts.
Dr. Sinead Younge, thank you for answering any question I had about
data
analysis, theory, implications for this research, and being a great
mentor. I would like to
express my appreciation for Dr. Allison Burkett for being a
supportive friend and
providing resources to make this manuscript possible. Finally, I
would like to thank my
parents Lawrence and Renaye Young. Words cannot express how much I
appreciate you
both for encouraging me to pursue my education and supporting me
throughout this
entire process. You all made this work less stressful, and I will
never be able to thank you
enough.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction
1
Literature Review
2
HIV and African Americans
2
HIV Testing Among African Americans
3
HIV Testing and Low Income
4
Gender and HIV Testing
6
Condom Use Norms and HIV Testing
7
Insurance Coverage and HIV Testing
9
Hope VI Housing Relocation Initiative
10
Theory: The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use
12
Research Purpose
12
Research Questions
13
Methods
13
Sampling Plan
13
Sampling Strategy
13
Eligibility Criteria
14
Measures
15
Variables Created
15
Data Analysis
17
Results
17
Sample and Study Variable
17
Bivariate Analysis
18
Multivariate Analysis
18
Discussion
18
Limitations
21
Conclusion
23
References
25
About this Master's Thesis
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