CARDENOLIDES AND CATERPILLARS: the effects of cardenolides on the
longevity of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, infected
with the protozoan parasite Ophyrocystis
elektroscirrha.
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Effects of milkweed species on monarch butterflies and their parasites
2 of 3
Investigating evolution of innate immunity in insects: focus on two signaling pathways